Abstract Combined immune checkpoint blockade (CICB) targeting CTLA-4 and PD-1 has improved the prognosis for many malignancies, but also occurred a high rate of immune-related adverse events (irAEs). The manifestation these toxicities is an important limiting factor successful implementation CICB, restraining its anti-tumor efficacy. Carbon monoxide (CO), pivotal endogenous signaling molecule, ...

Experiences of autism-spectrum disorder are now increasingly studied by social scientists. Human-animal relations have also become a major focus of social inquiry in recent years. Examining horse-assisted therapy for autistic spectrum disorders, this is the first paper that brings these fields together. Drawing on participant observation and interviews at a UK horse therapy Centre, this article...

BACKGROUND Young children are one of the most vulnerable groups who may be infected with cholera. The following literature review of the efficacy of the currently available cholera vaccines provides a clear evidence base for the clinical administration of cholera vaccine, particularly in an epidemic situation. AIM To assess the efficacy of oral cholera vaccines in preventing cases of cholera ...

Tumor-specific immune tolerance represents an obstacle for the development of effective anti-tumor immune responses through cancer vaccines. We here evaluated the efficacy of chemo-immunotherapy in breaking tumor-specific immune tolerance in an almost incurable mouse model of spontaneous carcinogenesis.Transgenic HER-2/neu mice bearing large mammary tumors received the adoptive transfer of sple...

The recent appearance and growth of new SARS-CoV-2 variants represent a major challenge for the control COVID-19 pandemic. These concern contain mutations affecting antigenicity, which raises concerns on their possible impact human immune response to virus vaccine efficacy against them.

Introduction . Nowadays the standard of care for locally advanced and metastatic urothelial carcinoma (UC) is a combination platinum-based drugs. However, such therapy characterized with high toxicity selective efficacy. So, question optimal alternative to first line choice drugs second currently relevant. Immune checkpoint inhibitors have revolutionized treatment UC. Nevertheless, despite fact...

Tumour-specific replicating (oncolytic) viruses are novel anticancer agents, currently under intense investigation in preclinical studies and phase I-III clinical trials. Until recently, most studies have focused on the direct antitumour properties of these viruses. There is now an increasing body of evidence indicating that host immune responses may be critical to the efficacy of oncolytic vir...

Chemotherapy and radiotherapy have been extensively used to eradicate cancer based on their direct cytocidal effects on rapidly proliferating tumor cells. Accumulating evidence indicates that these therapies also dramatically affect resident and recruited immune cells that actively support tumor growth. We now appreciate that mobilization of effector CD8+ T cells enhances efficacy of chemothera...

Antibiotic resistance is concern of today's world. Search for alternative molecules, for treatment and immune stimulation, remains at the forefront. One such group of biomolecules with promise, along the line of immune stimulation or therapy, is host defense peptide (HDP). These molecules, however, are required at a higher dose to be effective which leads to high cost. To alleviate such problem...

Psoriasis is an immune-mediated skin disease in which chronic T-cell stimulation by antigen-presenting cells (APC) occurs in the skin. This interplay between the T-cell and APC has been likened to a "T-AP dance" where specific steps must occur in sequence to result in T-cell activation and the disease phenotype; otherwise T-cell anergy would occur. Several novel engineered proteins designed to ...