A key component is missing from the Eighth Amendment’s Excessive Fines Clause doctrine: who has burden of proof? This question—which been essentially ignored by both federal and state courts—is not just a second-order problem. Rather, assignment burdens proof essential to Clause’s enforcement, making it harder—or easier—for government abuse revenue-generating capacity economic sanctions in ways...

The present study investigated whether invertebrate body burdens can be used to predict metal-induced effects on aquatic invertebrate communities. Total dissolved metal levels and four invertebrate taxa (Leuctra sp., Simuliidae, Rhithrogena sp. and Perlodidae) were sampled in 36 headwater streams located in the north-west part of England. Using the River Invertebrate Prediction and Classificati...

Caregivers are healthcare assets because they care for patients at home; however, when clinicians focus solely on patients, caregivers' needs may not be recognized. The purpose of this scoping literature review is to identify the burdens on caregivers of people with Parkinson's disease. CINAHL and PubMed databases were searched to locate thirteen original articles, one systematic review, and on...