Background: IL-4 is a cytokine that induces differentiation of naive helper T cells into Th2 cells. Once activated by IL-4, Th2 cells subsequently produce additional IL-4. Objective: To examine the effect of IL-4 on IL-17 production and its effect in Collagen- Induced Arthritis (CIA) mice. Method: In this study, a chicken collagen-II-induced experimental arthritis (CIA) model was used in DBA/1 ...

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2014 Tunneling spectroscopy at high bias has proved to be useful as a tool for studying electronic excitations in junctions although one major difficulty encountered is the huge background in the second derivative of the tunneling characteristics I(V). This background however depends on which second derivative is used. We compare the sensitivity of the functions d2V/dI2, d2I/dV2 and 1/03C3.d03C...