It is well known that ecological processes such as population regulation and natural enemy interactions potentially occur over a range of spatial scales, and there is a substantial body of literature developing theoretical understanding of the interplay between these processes. However, there are comparatively few studies quantifying the long-term effects of spatial scaling in natural ecosystem...

A map of the native vegetation remaining in São Carlos County was built based on aerial images, satellite images, and field observations, and a projection of the probable original vegetation was made by checking it against soil and relief surveys. The existing vegetation is very fragmented and improverished, consisting predominantly of cerrados (savanna vegetation of various physiognomies), sem...

Let Q0 denote the rational numbers expanded to a ‘meadow’, that is, after taking its zero-totalized form (0−1 = 0) as the preferred interpretation. In this paper, we consider ‘cancellation meadows’, i.e. meadows without proper zero divisors, such as Q0 and prove a generic completeness result. We apply this result to cancellation meadows expanded with differentiation operators, the sign function...

Zooplankton abundance and distribution are of ecological importance, as they are very sensitive to change, therefore zooplankton make ideal indicators of aquatic ecosystem. This study carried out on the abundance of rotifer, cladoceran, cyclopoid-copepod and ostracod zooplankton groups and biomass of total zooplankton were studied every month for one year. It is interesting and noteworthy to no...

In this study, commercial sea cucumber identification and some biological characteristics were investigated between Ayvalık and Çeşme. Ayvalık, Aliağa, Foça, Şakran and İzmir were selected as main stations. In the investigation where 70 stations were studied between 0 and 50 m depth 6 sea cucumber species were found. These were Holothuria tubulosa, Holothuria polii, Holothuria mammata, Holothur...

BACKGROUND Previous studies showed an in-depth ecological understanding by traditional people of managing natural resources. We studied the landscape ethnoecological knowledge (LEEK) of Székelys on the basis of 16-19(th) century village laws. We analyzed the habitat types, ecosystem services and sustainable management types on which village laws had focused. METHODS Székelys had self-governed...

The joint effect of forest edge (FE) heterogeneity and management intensity the adjacent farmland on FE insect communities is still poorly understood. In this study, a pairwise design was established, consisting 36 Western European lowland FEs, with each 18 pairs containing one improved nearby non-improved FE. Half were situated along extensively used half intensively meadows, leading to gradua...

Alas landscapes are unique ecosystems, which dynamic, geochemically closed thermokarst landforms of the permafrost zone. Alases have a limited capacity in their active layer, and specific conditions for soil, flora fauna formation. A comprehensive study alas landscape functionswas carried out Central Yakutia from 1988 to present time using conventional methods geobotany, zoology, entomology, et...

BACKGROUND To investigate the effects of fluids resuscitation on pulmonary expression of aquaporin1 and aquaporin5 in a rat model of uncontrolled hemorrhagic shock and infection. METHODS Sixty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly assigned to five groups, sham operation group (Group C) and four treated groups: no fluid resuscitation group (Group NF), groups resuscitated with Lactated Ringer's (LR...

A meadow is a zero totalised field (0 = 0), and a cancellation meadow is a meadow without proper zero divisors. In this paper we consider differential meadows, i.e., meadows equipped with differentiation operators. We give an equational axiomatization of these operators and thus obtain a finite basis for differential cancellation meadows. Using the Zariski topology we prove the existence of a d...