abstract foreign and iranian cultures are far distinct in the constraints imposed on writing and translating for children, since the iranian literary system is mainly concerned with cultural and religious instructions which lead to manipulation of translated texts. this study sought to identify the cultural and social constraints and norms which determined the strategies applied in the transl...

one very decisive factor in students’ academic destiny is the result they get at final term examinations. because of its importance, both students and teachers are curiously anxious about them. as normally it is the case, these final term tests are prepared hurriedly in short time by teachers which result in students’ dissatisfaction, complaining on how the test was different from their expecta...

Public pricing of products is one of the most important economical issues, since any changes in the pricing, affects both the welfare of consumers and quantity of goods and Services which are produced. In this paper which is done for natural gas pricing in Iran, the purpose is giving a price that the government can consider it as a suitable choice for using in subsidies targeting project. Th...

Public pricing of products is one of the most important economicalissues, since any changes in the pricing, affects both the welfare ofconsumers and quantity of goods and Services which are produced.In this paper which is done for natural gas pricing  in Iran, the purpose is giving a price that the government can consider it as a suitable choice for using in subsidies targeting project. These p...

in one pole of the continuum of language learning, theoreticians and practitioners traditionally consider english as english as a second language or english as a foreign language. however, in the other pole of this continuum where english is thought of as the most effective tool for international communication, it is referred to as a lingua franca. those who favor an approach to english growing...