recent studies in scientific education as well as foreign and second language instruction suggest that thinking has rarely been an integral part of education and training in classroom. some scholars decried the lack of emphasis on thinking in the institutes and schools. they noted that memorization and drills were rewarded,while inquiry, reflection, and consideration of alternatives were frowne...

nowadays in trade and economic issues, prediction is proposed as the most important branch of science. existence of effective variables, caused various sectors of the economic and business executives to prefer having mechanisms which can be used in their decisions. in recent years, several advances have led to various challenges in the science of forecasting. economical managers in various fi...

abstract following innovations in the field of elt, a new topic which has recently attracted a lot of attention is metaphor analysis. although this area of research is still in its infancy in elt, it seems that the idea can shed more light on the puzzle of english language learning and teaching. therefore, the major aim of this study is to analyze language learning and teaching in formal a...

Introduction According to general census in 2011, rural population of the country has been over 21 million and 603 thousand people. Considering the per capita monthly subsidy equivalent to 455,000 riyals, it can be resulted that in the first three years of the project, over 353 trillion has been allocated to rural community. Calculations show that this amount is equivalent to 2.4% of the tot...

The behavior of rural households in 11 non-coastal cities of Golestan province for fish consumption was evaluated. Data were collected through a designed questionnaire. In inferential analysis of the research, chi-square, Mann-Whitney and Friedman methods were used for ranking. About 73% of households in these areas source fish from fish markets and fishing grounds. 47% of households are intere...

Abstract Introduction: The prevalence of impairment and disability due to the aging population, the prevalence of non-communicable diseases and accidents have increased the demand for rehabilitation services. The purpose of this study was to determine inequality in the utilization of rehabilitation services among Iranian households. Methods: The present study was a cross-sectional study and...

abstract the first purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of consciousness-raising (c-r) activities on learning grammatical structures (simple present tense in this case) by iranian guidance school efl learners. the second one was to investigate the effect of gender on learning the simple present tense through c-r activities and tasks. finally, this study aimed to investigate the ...