this article presents the application of two algorithms: heuristic big bang-big crunch (hbb-bc) and a heuristic particle swarm ant colony optimization (hpsaco) to discrete optimization of reinforced concrete planar frames subject to combinations of gravity and lateral loads based on aci 318-08 code. the objective function is the total cost of the frame which includes the cost of concrete, formw...

ABSTRACT- Sustainability and environmental management are the most cited ideas linking the environment and development. The sustainability of natural resources depends upon our paradigm and related approaches to the relationship between society and the environment. Efficient management is a primary task due to the pressure on nature. Ecological footprint analysis has been intro...

Pankaj Kumar1 and Piyush Kumar2 1 Purdue University 2 Florida State University (a) American Cities (b) Lyria bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bcbc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bcbc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc bc...