Water channel aquaporin-4 (AQP4) is the most abundant water channel in the rodent brain and is mainly expressed in cerebral areas involved in central osmoreception and osmoregulation. The neurohypophysis is the release site of hypothalamic neurohormones vasopressin and oxytocin, which are involved in the regulation of the water balance. The authors investigated the cellular and subcellular dist...

Chronic hypobaric hypoxia (CHH) induces a decrease in sperm output and spermatogenesis in male rats. The mechanisms that underlie these changes in testicular function are unknown and could involve changes in the hypophysis-gonad axis. We have tested the hypothesis that changes take place in the endocrine status (FSH, follicle stimulating hormone; LH, luteinizing hormone; testosterone) of rats s...

The cavernous sinus (CS) is one of the cranial dural venous sinuses. It differs from other dural sinuses due to its many afferent and efferent venous connections with adjacent structures. It is important to know well about its complex venous anatomy to conduct safe and effective endovascular interventions for the CS. Thus, we reviewed previous literatures concerning the morphological and functi...

OBJECTIVES Eagle's syndrome is caused by an elongated or mineralised styloid process and characterised by facial and pharyngeal pain, odynophagia and dysphagia. Diagnosis is based on clinical findings. However radiologic imaging, like panoramic radiograph, helps to confirm the diagnosis. There are different treatments of the Eagle's syndrome. Anti-inflammatory medication (carbamazepime, cortico...

Liver receptor homologue 1 (Lrh-1) is a member of the nuclear receptor belonging to the second subfamily of the nuclear receptor family 5A (NR5A), also named NR5A2, which is important for lipid homeostasis, embryogenesis, and regulation of aromatics. The present study aimed to understand the sequence of ovine Lrh-1 and the expression traits in reproductive organ tissues. Initially, we cloned Lr...

Ghrelin is a new endogenous peptide, discovered in 1999 by Kojima et al., as the result of a search for an endogenous ligand for an orphan receptor of known structure and function. Ghrelin is composed of 28 amino acids and is produced mostly by cells of the stomach, hypothalamus, and hypophysis, but it has also been detected in other tissues. Its discovery is related to the development of a new...

BACKGROUND IgG4-related disease is a systemic disease with marked infiltration of IgG4-positive plasma cells into affected organs and elevated serum IgG4. On clinical examination, swelling, nodules, and hypertrophic lesions might appear simultaneously or metachronously in different organs. CASE REPORT An 85-year-old man with sudden-onset polydipsia and polyuria insipidus was transported to our ...

Galen (2nd c. AD) used it to describe a progressive outgrowth, as of hair (De methodo medendi libri xiv 10.1015.6), the nails (De anatomicis administrationibus libri ix 2.337.16) of hard skin or of the tendons, the ancient physician believing that the hardness of a tissue caused its emergence (De usu partium 3.110.18, 3.111.6). Pseudo-Galen (2nd c. AD) used the term hypophysis to describe the o...