Pleural effusion is a common finding following pneumonia. It can become infected with accumulation of pus, forming empyema thoracis (ET), which is frequently encountered in childhood. Proper drainage and broadspectrum antibiotics are the mainstays of treatment. However, operative intervention is another mode of therapy in later stages of the condition. Election of either mode of therapy is a co...

Since the introduction of central venous catheterization for monitoring of the venous pressure, fluid infusion and hyperalimentation, the literature has been full of serious life-threatening complications. Of these complications is the false positioning of the central venous catheter and subsequent development of pleural effusion. In this report we are describing a case of iatrogenic massive pl...

Pleural effusion occurs infrequently in patients with cirrhosis of the liver, almost always in the presence of clinically obvious ascites. Although the mechanism of fluid transfer into the thorax is controversial, the main factor seems to be the presence of defects in the membranous parts of the diaphragm. This is usually on the right side. Subsequent infection of the pleural fluid is believed ...

Cirrhosis, end-stage of many liver diseases, presents many complications during its evolution. One of these is the presence of pleural fluid collection syndrome. This may be a direct consequence of liver disease (hepatic hydrothorax) or may be a random association. A formidable complication due to its consequences is spontaneous pleural empyema. The present study aimed to assess the incidence, ...

Advanced portal hypertension accompanying end-stage liver disease results in an altered milieu due to inadequate detoxification of blood from splanchnic circulation by the failing liver. The portosystemic shunts with hepatic dysfunction result in an increased absorption and impaired neutralisation of the gastrointestinal bacteria and endotoxins leads to altered homeostasis with multiorgan dysfu...

central venous catheter (cvc) insertion is a practical way to assess patients hemodynamic specially in cardiovascular surgery but this relatively simple junior level procedure is not risk free and its common reported complications include; pneumothorax, hydrothorax, hemothorax, local hematoma, cardiac tamponade, vascular injury, thrombosis, embolism, and catheter disruption. here in this articl...