We suggest a new type of grating reflector denoted hybrid grating (HG) which shows large reflectivity in a broad wavelength range and has a structure suitable for realizing a vertical cavity laser with ultra-small modal volume. The properties of the grating reflector are investigated numerically and explained. The HG consists of an un-patterned III-V layer and a Si grating. The III-V layer has ...

A unique organically-templated vanadium(IV) oxyfluoride, [pyH][V(2)O(2)F(5)] has been prepared using an ionothermal approach. This compound has a novel layered structure which may be considered as arising via condensation of previously known 'ladder-like' structural building units. This suggests that ionothermal synthesis may provide a more effective route to extended network structures in thes...

Keratin filaments are obligatory heteropolymers of type I and type II keratin polypeptides. Specific type I/type II pairs are coexpressed in vivo. In contrast, all type I/type II pairs assemble into filaments in vitro, but the different pairs have different stabilities as demonstrated by treatment with increasing concentrations of urea. We have used the yeast two-hybrid system to analyse type I...

Wetlands in the Prairie Pothole Region of North America are integrated with farmland and contain mixtures of herbicide contaminants. Passive nonfacilitated diffusion is how most herbicides can move across plant membranes, making this perhaps an important process by which herbicide contaminants are absorbed by wetland vegetation. Prairie wetlands are dominated by native cattail (Typha latifolia)...

N. D. Lanzillotti-Kimura,1 T. Zentgraf,1,2 and X. Zhang1,3,* 1Nanoscale Science and Engineering Center, 3112 Etcheverry Hall, University of California, Berkeley, California 94720-1740, USA 2Department of Physics, University of Paderborn, Warburger Straße 100, D-33098 Paderborn, Germany 3Materials Sciences Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 1 Cyclotron Road, Berkeley, California 94...

Protein interactions are crucial to the life of a cell. The analysis of such interactions is allowing biologists to determine the function of uncharacterized proteins and the genes that encode them. The yeast two-hybrid system has become one of the most popular and powerful tools to study protein-protein interactions. With the advent of proteomics, the two-hybrid system has found a niche in int...

Reproducibility of the Hybrid Capture 2 Test (HC 2) for human papillomavirus (HPV) DNA detection was evaluated by assaying frozen cervical specimens in 1997 and again in 2001 from 1,775 women with normal cervical cytology. Using a cutoff point of 1.0 pg of HPV DNA/ml between a negative and a positive test result, the result of the kappa test for agreement was 0.72 (a kappa value of >0.60 is con...

Rpb5, a subunit shared by the three yeast RNA polymerases, combines a eukaryotic N-terminal module with a globular C-end conserved in all non-bacterial enzymes. Conditional and lethal mutants of the moderately conserved eukaryotic module showed that its large N-terminal helix and a short motif at the end of the module are critical in vivo. Lethal or conditional mutants of the C-terminal globe a...

Lipid-polymer hybrid (LPH) nanoparticles can deliver a wide range of therapeutic compounds in a controlled manner. LPH nanoparticle syntheses using microfluidics improve the mixing process but are restricted by a low throughput. In this study, we present a pattern-tunable microvortex platform that allows mass production and size control of LPH nanoparticles with superior reproducibility and hom...