Previous research has demonstrated that judgmental anchoring effects—the assimilation of a numeric estimate to a previously considered standard—are semantic in nature. They result because the semantic knowledge about the target object that is activated during the comparison with the anchor influences the absolute judgment. In addition to this semantic influence, the numeric anchor value itself ...

Affective influences abound in groups. In this article we propose an organizing model for understanding these affective influences and their effects on group life. We begin with individuallevel affective characteristics that members bring to their groups: moods, emotions, sentiments, and emotional intelligence. These affective characteristics then combine to form a group’s affective composition...

This article introduces the study of frame choice in negotiation. Here, the selection of a procedural frame is treated as a dependent variable—a choice that bargainers make in addition to determining their offers. The empirical focus of the article is on whether, when given a choice between two alternative versions of the ultimatum bargaining game, negotiators choose the description that maximi...

In this paper, we discuss approaches related to the explicit modeling of human beings in software development processes. While in most older simulation models of software development processes, esp. those of the system dynamics type, humans are only represented as a labor pool, more recent models of the discrete-event simulation type require representations of individual humans. In that case, p...

The presence of human pharmaceutical compounds in surface waters is an emerging issue in environmental science. In this study the occurrence and behavior of human pharmaceuticals in a variety of wastewater treatment processes is reviewed. Although some groups are not affected by sewage treatment processes others are amenable to degradation, albeit incomplete. While water purification techniques...

Prior evaluations are frequently challenged and need to be revised. We propose that an important determinant of such revisions is the degree to which the challenge provides an opportunity to compare the target against a competitor. Whenever a challenge offers an opportunity, the information contained in the challene will carry a disproportionate weight in the revised judgments. We call this pro...

Past research paints a mixed picture of rationales in negotiations: Some findings suggest rationales might help, whereas others suggest they may have little effect or backfire. Here, we distinguish between two kinds of rationales buyers commonly employ – constraint rationales (referring to one’s own limited resources) and disparagement rationales (involving critiques of the negotiated object) –...

Humans possess the remarkable ability to navigate through large-scale spaces, such as a building or a city, with remarkable ease and proficiency. The current series of studies uses uses Partially Observable Markov Decision Processes (POMDP) to better understand how humans navigate through large-scale spaces when they have state uncertainty (i.e., lost in a familiar environment.). To investigate...

This article presents an approach to understanding human spatial competence that focuses on the representations and processes of spatial cognition and how they are integrated with cognition more generally. The foundational theoretical argument for this research is that spatial information processing is central to cognition more generally, in the sense that it is brought to bear ubiquitously to ...