language like other inventions was originated to serve human needs in different civilization. different language was created later. contextually the importance of translation from one language to another is not only to understand words; as the words are not the elements of translation. importance and base of translation lies in context to understand it. after getting the content, one should d...

Komplexe Softwareentwicklungsmethoden entstehen selten in einem Zug und sind danach unveränderlich, sondern werden schrittweise erstellt und kontinuierlich verbessert. Der konkrete Projektfortschritt muss durch sie messbar sein, aber gleichzeitig muss das Vorgehen projektspezifisch adaptierbar bleiben. Vor dem Hintergrund dieser Anforderungen wurde von der SEMAT-Initiative ESSENCE entwickelt, d...

According to the modal view, essence admits of reductive analysis in exclusively modal terms. Fine (1994) argues that modal view delivers an inadequate analysis of essence. This paper defends the modal view from Fine’s challenge. This defense proceeds by examining the disagreement between Finean primitivists and Quinean eliminativists about essence. In order to model this disagreement, a distin...

We say that things happen accidentally when they do indeed happen, but only by chance. In the opposite situation, an essential happening is inescapable, its inevitability being the sine qua non for its very occurrence. This paper will investigate modal logics on a language tailored to talk about essential and accidental statements. Completeness of some among the weakest and the strongest such s...

Strategic programming is generic programming with the use of strategies. A strategy is a generic data-processing action which can traverse into heterogeneous data structures while mixing uniform and type-specific behaviour. With strategic programming, one gains full control over the application of basic actions, most notably full traversal control. Using a combinator style, traversal schemes ca...

Coin lemmas are one of the tools for the analysis of randomized distributed algorithms. Their principal role is to reduce the analysis of a randomized system to the analysis of an ordinary nondeterministic system. This paper describes the main ideas behind the formulation and use of coin lemmas and gives examples of coin lemmas of increasing complexity and generality.

For the past century, the total synthesis of natural products has served as the flagship of chemical synthesis and the principal driving force for discovering new chemical reactivity, evaluating physical organic theories, testing the power of existing synthetic methods, and enabling biology and medicine. This perspective article seeks to examine this time-honored and highly demanding art, disti...

In the literature, essence is formalized in two different ways, either de dicto, or de re. Following [11], we adopt its de dicto formalization: a formula is essential, if once it is true, it is necessarily true; otherwise, it is accidental. In this article, we study the model theory and axiomatization of the logic of essence and accident, i.e. the logic with essence operator (or accident operat...