various opinions have been put forward about achaemenian beliefs and thoughts, especially about the religious beliefs of the achaemenian kings such as cyrus the great. scholars rely on herodotus’s statements that “they didn’t look at building temples and altars as a religious tradition, they refer believing in these things as ignorance and foolishness in the converse opinion to greeks. they did...

the concept of “kalama” has always been one of the most important and yet complicated concepts that has been brought to attention in human and divine schools of thoughts. “kalama” has also claimed a special place in the holy qur’an, and the repetition of it throughout the book is a sign of its importance. semantics of quranic words is one of the modern methods of investigation in holy qur’an. t...

Research on implicit person theories shows that people who believe that human attributes are immutable (“entity theorists”) are particularly prone to endorse social stereotypes and to explain them with reference to innate factors. We argue that entity theories belong to a broader set of beliefs that represent diVerences between people in terms of underlying essences. New measures of three essen...

The capacity to reason about the false beliefs of others is classically considered the benchmark for a fully fledged understanding of the mental lives of others. Although much is known about the developmental origins of our understanding of others' beliefs, we still know much less about the evolutionary origins of this capacity. Here, we examine whether non-human primates - specifically, rhesus...

What characters believe, how they act based on those beliefs, and how their beliefs are updated is an essential element of many stories. State-space narrative planning algorithms treat their search spaces like a set of temporally possible worlds. We present an extension that models character beliefs as epistemically possible worlds and describe how such a space is generated. We also present the...

This introduction describes what the co-editors believe readers can expect in this Special Issue. After beliefs and expectancies are defined, examples of how these constructs influence human thought, feeling, and behavior in legal settings are considered. Brief synopses are provided for the Special Issue papers on beliefs and expectancies regarding alibis, children's testimony behavior, eyewitn...