The hepatitis B (HBV) 1 and C (HCV) viruses are noncytopathic, hepatotropic viruses that cause acute and chronic hepatitis and hepatocellular carcinoma (1). The cellular immune response to HBV and HCV is thought to be responsible for viral clearance and disease pathogenesis during these infections. The T cell response to HBV is vigorous, polyclonal, and multispecific in acutely infected patient...

Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of bubonic plague, is one of the most virulent bacterial pathogens known to mankind. This gram-negative bacterium is usually transmitted to humans by an infected rodent flea. After infection, the pathogen invades lymphatic tissue and proliferates in the lymph nodes. The two other human pathogenic species of Yersinia , Y. enterocolitica and Y. pseudotuberculo...

In information theory, a signature is characterized by the information content as well as noise statistics of the communication channel. Biosignatures have analogous properties. A biosignature can be associated with a particular attribute of a pathogen or a host. However, the signature may be lost in backgrounds of similar or even identical signals from other sources. In this paper, we highligh...

T his set of three review articles on hostÁpathogen interactions begins with a discussion of emerging concepts on homeostasis of a specific microbiome, that of the gut, and how disruption of the microbial status quo can result in several syndromes (1). The following papers highlight research on hostÁpathogen interactions with two oral bacteria: the dynamics between Treponema denticola virulence...

A model linking within- and between-host pathogen dynamics via pathogen shedding (emission of pathogens throughout the course of infection) is developed, and several aspects of host availability and co-infection are considered. In this model, the rate of pathogen shedding affects both the pathogen population size within a host (also affecting host mortality) and the rate of infection of new hos...

Pathogens infecting mammalian cells have developed various strategies to suppress and evade their hosts’ defensive mechanisms. In this line, the intracellular bacteria that are able to survive and propagate within their host cells must have developed strategies to avert their host’s killing attitude. Studying the interface of host-pathogen confrontation can provide valuable information for defi...

Infectious diseases have serious impacts on human and wildlife populations, but the effects of a disease can vary, even among individuals or populations of the same host species. Identifying the reasons for this variation is key to understanding disease dynamics and mitigating infectious disease impacts, but disentangling cause and correlation during natural outbreaks is extremely challenging. ...

In the context of bacterial infections, it is imperative that physiological responses can be studied in an integrated manner, meaning a simultaneous analysis both host and pathogen responses. To improve sensitivity detection, data-independent acquisition (DIA)-based proteomics was found to outperform data-dependent (DDA) workflows identifying quantifying low-abundant proteins. Here, by making u...

confocal laser scanning microscopy (clsm) is a revolutionary advance in the field of light microscopy which, in recent years, has been used on interaction studies between host and pathogen. this study carried out on the flag leaves of the susceptible spring wheat cultivar (triticum aestivum l.) known as thatcher and its near isogenic line with the yr-18 adult-plant resistance gene to stripe rus...

Pathogens have evolved numerous strategies to infect their hosts, while hosts have evolved immune responses and other defenses to these foreign challenges. The vast majority of host-pathogen interactions involve protein-protein recognition, yet our current understanding of these interactions is limited. Here, we present and apply a computational whole-genome protocol that generates testable pre...