A rapid DNA cloning system is a research interest of many scientists. TA cloning is one of the methods used for the cloning of PCR-amplified DNA molecules. The TA cloning method is a convenient and labor-saving replacement to traditional, restriction enzyme-mediated cloning strategies. A T-vector called pBlueskript ΙΙ SK-1 with the lethal gene ccdB was designed to construct a positive selection...

brown spot disease caused by alternaria alternata (fr.: fr.) keissl is a serious problem forproduction of tangerines and tangerine hybrids in iran. the tangerine pathotype causes brownspot disease on young leaves and immature fruits of limited varieties of mandarins and tangerines(citrus. reticulata blanco). specificity in the interaction between tangerine and the pathogen isdetermined by a hos...

seven geographic isolates of helicoverpa armigera npv were characterized by pcr-rflp techniques and their comparative virulence to second instar larvae of h. armigera (hã¼bner) were compared before and after exposure to simulated sunlight as well as open weather conditions on cotton and tomato plants. the pcr products of 25k fp region showed no difference among the isolates (780 bp). the pcr am...

background: myeloablative-allogeneic stem cell transplantation is a common way of treating various malignant and nonma-lignant diseases; but, it is associated with hazardous immediate and late complications. the majority of patients are not good candidates for high dose therapy because of old age, medical co-morbidities or previous heavy treatments. the donor stem cells can engraft in the recip...

introduction: invasive fungal sinusitis, though considered to be rare entity, is nowadays frequently encountered, not only in immunocompromised patients but also in immunocompetent patients. the changing prevalence towards immunocompetent hosts is due to the indiscriminate usage of broad spectrum antibiotics, steroids, and immunosuppressive drugs. diagnosing invasive fungal sinusitis should not...

The dodder plant Cuscuta reflexa Roxb. is an angiospermic leafless parasitic plant belonging to the family Cuscutaceae is abundantly found colonizing certain plant species in the premises of Manas Biosphere Reserve (MBR) and nearby area. Ten (10) angiospermic host plants in total of the above parasite were recognized. Based on the field inspection most of the numbers of patches were recorded in...

Background: Alteration in peripheral blood lymphocytes (PBLs) is usually investigated to provide an evidence of the host immune responses to tumor antigens. The tumor infiltrating NK cells interact most closely with the tumor cells and more accurately reflect tumor host interactions. Objective: To analyze peripheral blood and tumor associated Natural Killer (NK) cells in patients with breast ca...

SUMMARY hydatic cyst is a serious disease of man. That cause by a worm called taenia echinocococus, the adult worm lives in small bowel of dog and other canine host. The dog is the usual definitive host of this parasite and is important for transmition of this disease. In this study a total of 283 stray dags Teheran country were investigated for the present of intestinal metazoan parasites. T...

In many host populations, one of the most striking differences among hosts is their age. While parasite prevalence differences in relation to host age are well known, little is known on how host age impacts ecological and evolutionary dynamics of diseases. Using two clones of the water flea Daphnia magna and two clones of its bacterial parasite Pasteuria ramosa, we examined how host age at expo...