We investigate the selective forces that promote the emergence of modularity in nature. We demonstrate the spontaneous emergence of modularity in a population of individuals that evolve in a changing environment. We show that the level of modularity correlates with the rapidity and severity of environmental change. The modularity arises as a synergistic response to the noise in the environment ...

To explore the possibility of using graphene based biosensor, adsorption of hydrogen peroxide on graphene has been investigated using density functional theory. The electronic properties of defect free and defective graphene in the presence of different number of hydrogen peroxide have been studied. The graphene with the most stable configuration defect named as SW defect is considered. The hig...

Abstract The presence of a tooth-surface defect, such as non-carious cervical lesion (NCCL), associated with sites gingival recession (GR) defects creates combined soft tissue/tooth defect (CD) that requires different treatment plan. This study aimed to critically review the literature regarding available protocols for CDs and suggest new decision-making process. NCCLs were classified Class A-:...

Objective: To improve the surgical results of neurosurgical patients with complex defects and deformities head based on modern innovative technologies. Маterials methods. Based analysis diagnosis treatment 54 common extracerebral tumors issues optimizing their were considered. The positive role reconstructive-plastic operations in basis possibilities computer modeling use arterial autografts is...

bifid cardiac apex is a rare anomaly of human hearts. we report of the case of a 34-year-old man with a previous history of ventricular septal defect (vsd) and subvalvular pulmonary stenosis. he had undergone pulmonary commissurotomy and vsd closure 22 years before he was referred to our center for evaluation of progressive dyspnea. transthoracic echocardiography revealed atrial septal defect (...

although carbon nanotubes (cnt) have been employed as reinforcements in nanocomposites, presence of nano scale defects such as stone-wales and vacancy defects in carbon nanotubes (cnt) weakens the mechanical properties of these materials. in this paper the effects of defects in cnts on nanocomposite elastic behavior are investigated using molecular dynamics. stiffness matrices of cnt and nanoco...

in this paper, we proposed a novel structure for designing all optical filter based on photonic crystal structure. in designing the proposed filter, we simply employed a point defect localized between input and output waveguides as wavelength selecting part of the filter. the initial form of this filter is capable of selecting optical waves at =1560 nm, the transmission efficiency of the filte...

conclusions along with the technological advancement, different materials are employed according to the size of the cranium defect and the age of the case. the application of split costa cranioplasty for the small cranium defects in the region of patient’s face is the method with the least possibility of complications, and its cosmetic and functional results are quite promising. introduction os...

we have performed density functional theory (dft) calculations to investigate the properties of defect in arepresentative armchair model of silicon nanotubes (sints). to this aim, the structures of pristine and defective(5,5) sints have been optimized and the properties such as bond lengths, total energies, binding energies,.formation energies, gap energies, and dipole moments have been evaluat...

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