BACKGROUND The prevalence of waterpipe tobacco smoking (WTS) in the Middle East region and worldwide is increasing. There is evidence to indicate both short term and long term health effects of WTS, resulting in the issuance of an advisory note by the World Health Organization. METHODS This research aimed at gaining an in-depth understanding of the factors contributing to the rise in WTS in L...

Background and aims: Coronary heart diseases (CHDs) contribute to mortality, morbidity, disability, productivity and quality of life. This study was aimed to determine the prevalence of major risk factors for CHD in the provinces of Iran. Methods: This study reported pre-existing data and was of secondary, descriptive type. Prevalence of non-communicable disease (NCD) risk factors was def...

OBJECTIVES Although US cigarette smoking is decreasing, hookah tobacco smoking (HTS) is an emerging trend associated with substantial toxicant exposure. We assessed how a representative sample of US tobacco control policies may apply to HTS. METHODS We examined municipal, county, and state legal texts applying to the 100 largest US cities. We developed a summary policy variable that distingui...

INTRODUCTION To date research on tobacco smoking with a waterpipe (hookah, narghile, and shisha) has focused primarily on the individual user in a laboratory setting. Yet, waterpipe tobacco smoking is often a social practice that occurs in cafés, homes, and other natural settings. This observational study examined the behavior of waterpipe tobacco smokers and the social and contextual features ...

background: because of the increasing usage of waterpipe globally, we need to know more about the diff erent factors related to waterpipe and cigarette smoking. th erefore, the present study aims at gaining more insight on waterpipe and cigarette smoking based on perceived parental reaction and appeal and repellent of smoking among adolescents. materials and methods: a cross-sectional survey en...

Objectives At the completion of this course, the learner should be able to: 1. Describe a waterpipe (hookah) that is used to smoke tobacco. 2. Discuss the toxicants in waterpipe smoke. 3. Discuss the toxicants that can be found in waterpipe smokers. 4. Identify 3 potential health risks of waterpipe tobacco smoking. 5. Describe why a preoperative carboxyhemoglobin test might be indicated in a pa...

INTRODUCTION The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship between social norms and attitudes towards ENDS and hookah and use of these products. METHODS We conducted surveys with hookah and ENDS users who regularly used the Internet and social media and analyzed the primary social media account (e.g. Facebook) of each participant, coding all references to nicotine or tobacco produ...