This paper introduces a new theory surrounding the process of social innovation using historical case studies. Using the particular example of the lifecycle of the intelligence test over the first half of the twentieth century in the United States, we discuss the hypothesis that the discovery/definition of new social phenomena (naturalistic, constructed, and technological expressions of what we...

trissolcus grandis (thomson) (hymenoptera: scelionidae) is the most important egg parasitoid of the common sunn pest, eurygaster integriceps puton (hemiptera: scutelleridae) in iran. demographic characteristics may be used for preliminary screening of parasitoid species or populations as well as for predicting their efficiency under different physical conditions in the field. in this study, the...

doctor shoja-ad-din sheikholeslamzadeh (also known as dr. sheikh) (1931-2014) was an outstanding orthopedic surgeon. he is credited for the establishment of the iranian association of rehabilitation, shafa yahyaian hospital as an orthopedic and rehabilitation center, the social welfare organization, iran’s emergency dispatch center (115) and many other major projects that led to the upgrading o...

throughout the history, there have been deep cultural as well as scientic connections between iran and india. in medieval period, many persian physicians immigrated to india mainly because of political and social reasons. a good example of this was mirza mohammad hashem alavi khan shirazi who belonged to shiraz medical doctrine. he was born in shiraz, but immigrated to india and was in the cou...

scholars have long been interested in the role of population and its impact on the economy of various countries, hence the theories on the subject. while malthus’ population theory presents a very pessimistic view and is formulated in a context which does not correspond to the conditions of the modern world, it occupies the minds of a majority of economists. it is interesting to know, while mal...