Our cultural heritage, as preserved in libraries, archives and museums, is made up of documents written many centuries ago. Largescale digitization initiatives make these documents available to nonexpert users through digital libraries and vertical search engines. For a user, querying a historic document collection may be a disappointing experience: queries involving modern words may not be ver...

Pearl millet ( Pennisetum glaucum R. Br.) is an important staple and nutritious food crop in the semiarid arid ecologies of South Asia (SA) Sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). In view climate change, depleting water resources, widespread malnutrition, there a need to accelerate rate genetic gains pearl productivity. This review discusses past strategies future approaches meet demand. breeding India has h...

In discussing bioethics and the formulation of neuroethics, the question has arisen as to whether secular humanism should be the sole philosophical guiding light, to the exclusion of any discussion (or even mention) of religious morality, in professional medical ethics. In addition, the question has arisen as to whether freedom or censorship should be part of medical (and neuroscience) journali...

Attempts to define, or enforce, an "ideal" cesarean section rate are futile, and should be abandoned. The cesarean rate is a consequence of individual value-laden clinical decisions, and is not amenable to the methods of evidence-based medicine. The influence of academic authority figures on the cesarean rate in the US is placed in historic context. Like other population health indices, the ces...

In 1972, a 27-nm virus-like particle was discovered by use of immune electron microscopy (IEM) in an infectious stool filtrate derived from an outbreak of gastroenteritis in an elementary school in Norwalk, Ohio. IEM enabled the direct visualization of antigen-antibody interaction, as the particles were aggregated and coated by specific antibodies. This allowed the recognition and identificatio...

Historic contexts remind us of an era when cities were built based on the needs, goals, and preferences of their inhabitants. In other words, the mental world of both the builders and the inhabitants was closely interrelated. But by ignoring citizens' memories and interests and their mental needs, today's interventions with rapid developments within historic contexts have led to amnesia and the...

The growth of urban populations in recent decades requires physical elements such as residential, commercial and cultural spaces and the development of infrastructure such as streets and highways, which will open a new horizon to the historic texture of cities and how to preserve and restore them. The development of new urban textures along with the lack of attention to the historic texture and...

This article contributes to the broadening agenda of critical globalisation(s) research by analysing one of the most fundamental ideological foundations of the current global transformation in a historical perspective: the ideology of "domination over nature" that was implemented in Europe from 1500 onwards. Humans have always shaped and altered their environment according to their needs and as...

The sciences of vaccinology and of immunology were created just two centuries ago by Jenner's scientific studies of prevention of smallpox through inoculation with cowpox virus. This rudimentary beginning was expanded greatly by the giants of late 19th and early twentieth centuries biomedical sciences. The period from 1930 to 1950 was a transitional era with the introduction of chick embryos an...