We propose transaction cost economics theory as a tool for exploring when school administrators rely on information from two types of sources: internal sources like their own colleagues, and external sources like researchers and government agencies. The theory’s application is illustrated in a comparative case study of two public school districts in Michigan. Consistent with the theory’s predic...

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How do Canadian school leaders interpret data to inform their decisions? they reason with probability concepts? These are the questions we investigating in first year of this longitudinal bilingual project conducted Alberta, British Columbia, and Ontario. Our theoretical framework is inspired by semiotic perspective Charles Sanders Peirce (1839-1914) which suggests that interpretation a triadic...