Aims and Objectives: Spinal anaesthesia is the most commonly used method of anaesthesia and analgesia in lower limb surgeries. In elderly patients spinal anaesthesia causes more sympatholysis and hemodynamic disturbances than young patients. So low dose of local anaesthetic is preferred which may occasionally cause failure of spinal anaesthesia .Therefore, different adjuvents are added to achie...

BACKGROUND The old age population, including the very old aged (≥ 85 years), is rapidly increasing, and femur neck fracture from accidents is commonly seen in the elderly. Use of bone cement during bipolar hemiarthroplasty can cause bone cement implantation syndrome. METHODS This study was prospectively conducted on the elderly who were scheduled to undergo elective cemented bipolar hemiarthr...

a 25-year-old afghan male was presented to the emergency department with femoral shaft fracture following fall from the height. the patient was subjected to femoral nerve block and general anesthesia. first try for performing nerve block led to vascular puncture. therefore, the needle was removed and re-inserted 1 cm lateral to first puncture site and dex injected slowly with aspiration check a...

BACKGROUND Children are susceptible to pulmonary injury, and acute lung injury (ALI) often results in a high mortality and financial cost in pediatric patients. Evidence has showed that oleic acid (OA) plays an important role in ALI. Therefore, it has special significance to study ALI in pediatric patients by using OA-induced animal models. Unfortunately, the animal model hs a high mortality du...