A rapid and sensitive reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and nested-PCR were used to detect bovine viral diarrhea virus 1 (BVDV-1) in bull semen. Selected primers could amplify a part of the 5´UTR of the BVDV genome. A 294 bp DNA fragment was amplified and specificity of the results was confirmed by direct sequencing of the PCR product. Prior to RNA extraction, the seminal...

We have developed a single-tube nested real-time PCR (STN-RT PCR) assay using the repetitive, transposon-like element IS1111 as the DNA target to facilitate early diagnosis of acute Q fever. The use of our proposed diagnostic procedures, including IgM detection by serology and the STN-RT PCR assay, significantly increased the diagnostic sensitivity for Q fever to 78%, compared to 29% when serol...

AIM To determine the frequencies of HGV and TTV infections in blood donors in Hangzhou. METHODS RT-nested PCR for HGV RNA detection and semi-nested PCR for TTV DNA detection in the sera from 203 blood donors, and nucleotide sequence analysis were performed. RESULTS Thirty-two (15.8%) and 30 (14.8%) of the 203 serum samples were positive for HGV RNA and TTV DNA, respectively. And 5 (2.5%) of...

Viral infections cause important problems and significant economic loses in sheep and goats that can be protected by an investigation of infections. This study aimed to determine the sheep and goat viral infections including bluetongue virus (BTV), maedivisna virus (MVV) and caprine arthritis-encephalitis virus (CAEV) in Kirikkale city located in Central Anatolia region of Turkey. Blood samples...

In this paper, we employed bipolar fuzzy set theory to hemi-rings and we popularized notation of bipolar valued fuzzy interior h-ideal, bipolar-valued fuzzy prime h-ideal, bipolar-valued fuzzy semiprime h-ideal, bipolar-valued fuzzy h-bi-ideal and bipolarvalued fuzzy h-quasi-ideal. We also introduced some basic properties and definition of bipolar-valued fuzzy h-ideals of hemi-ring. Then we int...