background and objectives: pharmaceutical expenditures are responsible for a major part of health systems’ cost. according to the who’s statistics, iran is the first among the 20 countries in the world in terms of drug consumption. the first step in controlling consumption of a particular good is to identify factor inducing the relevant demands. hence, this study aimed to identify the pattern a...

extractcontinuing education is not new for us because there  is emphasis on learning and continuing education  in our culture including literature, religion, and special  traditions in different ways  .as prophet muhammad (pbuh) says: “seek knowledge from the cradle to the grave” that  it is emphasis on continuous learning and continuous. in the holy quran  the word of “alam “repeatedly stated ...

in this comment, i build on shiffman’s call for the global health community to more deeply investigate structural and productive power. i highlight two challenges we must grapple with as social scientists carrying out the types of investigation that shiffman proposes: the politics of  challenging the powerful; and the need to investigate types of expertise that have traditionally been thought o...

BACKGROUND Interventions directed to system features of public health and health care should increase health and welfare of patients and population. AIMS To build a new framework for studies aiming to assess the impact of public health or health care system, and to consider the role of Randomized Controlled Trials (RCTs) and of Benchmarking Controlled Trials (BCTs). METHODS The new concept ...

preparing long term reformatory plan for the health system, like other macro plans, requires guiding principles which is according to the values, and as a bridge, connect the ideals and values to the goals. this study was designed with the purpose of explaining the values and principles of health system, and as a pre-requisite to compilation of iran's health system reform plan at 2025.the docum...

the international journal of health policy and management (ijhpm) is a new journal that aims to stimulate not only inter-disciplinary research relating to health, but even an entire new generation of such journals. the challenges of improving human health worldwide clearly suggest ‘why’ such a journal is needed, but ‘how’ bridges and junctions across fields of study towards this end might be fo...

over half of the world’s population lives in cities and united nations (un) demographers project an increase of 2.5 billion more urban dwellers by 2050. yet there is too little systematic comparative research on the practice of urban health policy and management (hpam), particularly in the megacities of middle-income and developing nations. we make a case for creating a global database on citie...