We propose a technique for achieving equalized power in upstream traffic in the gigabit passive optical network (G-PON). A simple power equalizer based on a Fabry-Perot laser diode (FP-LD) is proposed and demonstrated experimentally. By the proposed scheme, the different upstream powers can be equalized. As a result, a 20 dB dynamic upstream power range from -5 to -25 dBm, having a 1.7 dB maxim...

For determinate measures ß having moments of every order we define and study an index of determinacy which checks the stability of determinacy under multiplication by even powers of \t — z\ for z a complex number. Using this index of determinacy, we solve the problem of determining for which z£C the sequence {p\T\z))n ( m 6 N ) belongs to I2 , where (p„)„ is the sequence of orthonormal polynomi...

We report the generation of stacked optical precursors from a laser beam whose amplitude or phase is modulated by sequenced on-off step waveforms. Making use of the constructive interference between the precursors produced from different steps, as well as the main field, we generate optical transient pulses having peak powers of eight times the input power with electromagnetically induced trans...

For any $k in mathbb{N}$, the $k$-subdivision of graph $G$ is a simple graph $G^{frac{1}{k}}$, which is constructed by replacing each edge of $G$ with a path of length $k$. In [Moharram N. Iradmusa, On colorings of graph fractional powers, Discrete Math., (310) 2010, No. 10-11, 1551-1556] the $m$th power of the $n$-subdivision of $G$ has been introduced as a fractional power of $G$, denoted by ...

This paper shows that the economy of any country can be presented as three different shells such as: economic shell of a big, a medium and a small business. The new concepts were introduced such as: volume of an economic shell, coefficient of shell’s expansion (compression) etc. These shells can expansion or compress under action by internal or external powers and when shell expansions − it mea...