Introduction and objective: During adolescence lifestyle is formed, including dietary habits, which mainly remain unchanged throughout the life. Dietary habits and physical activity influence one's health status. The goal of this study was to examine and compare dietary habits in the population of high school teens enrolled in general secondary school and catering school. Methods: Study was per...

PURPOSE Prolonged duration of non-nutritive sucking behaviors may have consequences in regard to the developing orofacial structures and occlusion. Little is known as to why some children have prolonged sucking habits beyond the first 2 to 3 years of life. This paper reports on non-nutritive sucking patterns among a large cohort of healthy children from birth to 36 months of age and older, and ...

In any health care crisis, the first priority is to improve the patient’s condition. But this priority is not absolute as it is normally subject to the patient’s (or someone on her behalf) approval. This can sometimes lead to serious difficulties when the patient on epistemological (the patient may be ignorant or misinformed), political (the patient may have political objections to a particular...

Habits form a crucial component of behavior. In recent years, key computational models have conceptualized habits as behaviors arising from model-free reinforcement learning (RL) mechanisms, which typically represent the expected value associated with possible outcomes of each action before one of those actions is chosen. Traditionally, however, habits are understood as arising from mechanisms ...

In the literature of dynamic models under uncertainty, it is commonly assumed that uncertainty is resolved gradually over time and its resolution is independent of the actions taken by a decision maker up to that time period. However, contingencies in the decision maker’s mind may change and even increase over time according to habits that have evolved by experiences, actions, or consumptions i...

Recent work on the role of overlapping cerebral networks in action selection and habit formation has important implications for alcohol addiction research. As reviewed below, (1) these networks, which all involve a group of deep-brain structures called the basal ganglia, are associated with distinct behavioral control processes, such as reward-guided Pavlovian conditional responses, goal-direct...

Habits ​ ​form​ ​a​ ​crucial​ ​component​ ​of​ ​behavior.​ ​In​ ​recent​ ​years,​ ​key​ ​computational​ ​models ​ ​have​ ​conceptualized​ ​habits ​ ​as behaviors ​ ​arising​ ​from​ ​model-free​ ​reinforcement​ ​learning​ ​(RL)​ ​mechanisms,​ ​which​ ​typically​ ​represent​ ​the​ ​expected​ ​value associated​ ​with​ ​the​ ​possible​ ​outcomes ​ ​of​ ​each​ ​action​ ​before​ ​one​ ​of​ ​those​ ​a...

UNLABELLED Abstract Objective: Study groups from three age cohorts of 70-75 year-olds were investigated to search for possible correlations between dietary habits and auditory function. DESIGN A cross-sectional, epidemiological study. STUDY SAMPLE A total number of 524 people (275 women, 249 men) were recruited from three age cohorts. The study sample was representative of the general popul...

Perhaps the most enduring legacy of Aristotle’s ethics is his theory of moral habits, largely found in the opening chapters of Book II of Nicomachean Ethics. By elucidating not only the requirements of virtue but also the methods by which we develop virtue, Aristotle’s ethics offers us a realistic hope of realizing his moral ideal. However, as we shall see, Aristotle presents only a brief sketc...

There is little debate as to the harmful effects of cigarette smoking on health. Most health workers advise their patients to cease the practice. The impact of the advice is however diluted if it is seen to be ignored by the profess­ ionals themselves. As nurses play an in­ creasing role in all levels of health care a survey was undertaken to investigate the smoking habits of two groups of nurs...