The receptor specificity and cleavability of the hemagglutinin (HA) protein have been shown to regulate influenza A virus transmissibility and pathogenicity, but little is known about how its pH of activation contributes to these important biological properties. To identify amino acid residues that regulate the acid stability of the HA protein of H5N1 influenza viruses, we performed a mutationa...

A cluster analysis data classification technique was used on assessment scores from 157 undergraduate nursing students who passed 2 successive compulsory courses in human anatomy and physiology. Student scores in five summative assessment tasks, taken in each of the courses, were used as inputs for a cluster analysis procedure. We aimed to group students into high-achieving (HA) and low-achievi...

Forest carbon sequestration offset protocols have been employed for more than 20 years with limited success in slowing deforestation and increasing forest trading volume. Direct measurement of flux improves quantification but has not applied to research projects 600 site installations worldwide. In this study, we apply accounting methods, scaling hours decades 28-years scientific CO2 eddy covar...

We calculate near zero recoil the order αs corrections to the Bjorken and Voloshin sum rules that bound the B → D(∗) l ν̄ form factors. These bounds are derived by relating the result of inserting a complete set of physical states in a time ordered product of weak currents to the operator product expansion. The sum rules sum over physical states with excitation energies less than a scale ∆. We f...

The hydropathy profile of hemagglutinin (HA) subunits HA1 and HA2 of influenza virus X31 and A/PR 8/34 is analyzed at different pH. At neutral pH (7.4) pronounced hydrophobic sequences of HA correspond to the N-terminus and the transmembrane spanning sequence of HA2. At pH 5.0 where influenza virus is known to fuse with biological membranes several hydrophobic sequences in the ectodomain exist ...

Using the newly designed mismatch amplification mutation assay (MAMA) PCR, we demonstrated the high frequency of amantadine-resistant influenza A (H3N2) viruses isolated during the 2005-2006 season by detecting the mutation at amino acid position 31 of the M2 protein (S31N). Further, phylogenetic analyses of the HA1 sequences of the S31N viruses revealed that they comprised a clonal lineage tha...

Sunflower is one of the oil-producing plants that potentially can be developed as a food raw material, industrial, medicine, and cosmetics. cultivation needs to conducted in various lands Indonesia; them coastal regions. However, on side, these were included marginal land because high level salinity constrains it. This research aims determine sunflower growth thrive stress land. applies random ...

A panel of H-2k class II-restricted Th clones were established from individual CBA mice primed by infection with X31 influenza virus. 27 clones, which showed specific recognition of the HA surface glycoprotein, were all H3N2 subtype specific, in contrast to a T cell line which was crossreactive and which may have other specificities. 20 distinct HA-specific clones recognized a tryptic cleavage ...