Swine play an important role in the disease ecology of influenza. Having cellular receptors in common with birds and humans, swine provide opportunities for mixed infections and potential for genetic reassortment between avian, human, and porcine influenza. Feral swine populations are rapidly expanding in both numbers and range and are increasingly coming into contact with waterfowl, humans, an...

Interventions aimed at preventing viral spread have the potential to effectively control influenza virus in all age groups, thereby reducing the burden of influenza illness. For this reason, we have examined the efficacy of vaccination in blocking the transmission of influenza viruses between guinea pigs. Three modes of immunization were compared: (i) natural infection; (ii) intramuscular admin...

BACKGROUND H3N2 is one of the main subtypes of influenza virus which circulates in human and swine population throughout the world. OBJECTIVES To investigate the genetic correlation between H3N2 human and swine influenza viruses from the same region during the same season. STUDY DESIGN Five H3N2 human and four H3N2 swine influenza viruses were isolated from Guangdong province of China in th...

Influenza viruses cause seasonal epidemics whose intensity varies according to the circulating virus type and subtype. We aim estimate influenza-like illness (ILI) incidence attributable influenza in France from October 2014 May 2019. Physicians participating French Sentinelles network reported number of patients with ILI seen consultation performed nasopharyngeal swabs a sample these patients....

The infl uenza virus major surface glycoproteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) are the principal targets of the protective immune response. Licensed seasonal infl uenza virus vaccines are designed to elicit a protective immune response to the HA and NA proteins. However, only the concentration of HA protein is standardized in the currently approved inactivated seasonal infl uenza vi...

BACKGROUND We sought to determine the virologically confirmed hospitalization rates associated with influenza virus infection among Hong Kong children. METHODS Patients <18 years of age who lived on Hong Kong Island (a separate island within Hong Kong) and were admitted to either of the only 2 public hospitals on the island for a febrile acute respiratory infection on 1 fixed day of the week ...

Influenza A and B infections are a worldwide health concern to both humans and animals. High genetic evolution rates of the influenza virus allow the constant emergence of new strains and cause illness variation. Since human influenza infections are often complicated by secondary factors such as age and underlying medical conditions, strain or subtype specific clinical features are difficult to...

Background After 2009, pandemic influenza A(H1N1) [A(H1N1)pdm09] cocirculated with A(H3N2) and B in Singapore. Methods A cohort of 760 participants contributed demographic data and up to 4 blood samples each from October 2009 to September 2010. We compared epidemiology of the 3 subtypes and investigated evidence for heterotypic immunity through multivariable logistic regression using a genera...

It is commonly perceived that the human immune system is naive to the newly emerged H5N1 virus. In contrast, most adults have been exposed to influenza A H1N1 and H3N2 viruses through vaccination or infection. Adults born before 1968 have likely been exposed to H2N2 viruses. We hypothesized that CD4(+) T cells generated in response to H1N1, H3N2, and H2N2 influenza A viruses also recognize H5N1...

Sows and gilts lack immunity to human adenovirus 5 (Ad-5) vectored vaccines so immunogens of swine pathogens can be expressed with these vaccines in order to immunize suckling piglets that have interfering, maternally derived antibodies. In this study 7-day-old piglets, that had suckled H3N2 infected gilts, were sham-inoculated with a non-expressing Ad-5 vector or given a primary vaccination wi...