Many new reproductive methods such as artificial insemination, in vitro fertilisation, freezing of human embryos, and surrogate motherhood were at first widely condemned but are now seen in Western society as not just ethically and morally acceptable, but beneficial in that they allow otherwise infertile couples to have children. The idea of human cloning was also quickly condemned but debate i...

The influence of polyamines (PAs), putrescine (Put) and spermidine (Spd) on the efficiency gynogenesis in ovule cultures red beet (syn. beetroot) (Beta vulgaris L. vulgaris) cultivar “Czerwona Kula” breeding accessions no. 3/2010 7/2008 was investigated. effect Put process plant regeneration from gynogenetic embryos studied. response to applied PAs strongly dependent genotype. In Kula”, an incr...

In software engineering, the concept of code reuse is very common. Code reuse is the concept of copying and pasting the code in multiple places in the same software or different software without modification. In the last few decades numerous code clone detection technique and tools have been proposed for capturing duplicated redundant code, which is also known as software clone. In this study, ...

Male mate choice is critical for understanding the evolution and maintenance of sexual/asexual mating complexes involving sperm-dependent, gynogenetic species. Amazon mollies (Poecilia formosa) require sperm to trigger embryogenesis, but the males (e.g. Poecilia mexicana) do not contribute genes. Males benefit from mating with Amazon mollies, because such matings make males more attractive to c...

Genomic imprinting in mammals is believed to result from modifications to chromosomes during gametogenesis that inactivate the paternal or maternal allele. The genes encoding the insulin-like growth factor type 2 (Igf2) and its receptor (Igf2r) are reciprocally imprinted and expressed from the paternal and maternal genomes, respectively, in the fetal and adult mouse. We find that both genes are...