Global System for Mobile Communications (GSM) is one of the most commonly used cellular technologies in the world. One of the objectives in mobile communication systems is the security of the exchanged data. GSM employs many cryptographic algorithms for security like A5/1, A5/2 and A5/3. Even so, these algorithms do not provide sufficient level of security for protecting the confidentiality of ...

In this paper we evaluate the performance of data users in a GSM/GPRS system using queuing analysis and the QDB approach. GPRS has been introduced in GSM as a proposed data packet service over the air interface. Currently GPRS uses a fixed number of time slots, which are not shared with GSM voice users. Therefore the QoS of GSM users that are circuit switched is decreased. Here we propose a com...

The current researches and industries are looking forward to integrate different technologies to get a global technology that offers all of the intended services in a simple way. In this paper, a new communications system is proposed to integrate the use of GSM over the available satellites infrastructures. The proposed communications system could be used to facilitates and get benefits of both...

Genitourinary syndrome of menopause (GSM) causes significant symptomatic aggravation that affects the quality life (QoL). Vulvovaginal atrophy (VVA), hallmark GSM, is managed with topical non-hormonal therapy, including moisturizers and lubricants, estrogen application. Patients not responding/being unsatisfied previous local therapies are candidates for a noninvasive modality. Carbon dioxide (...

The purpose of this study using a total of 1170 B6C3F1 mice was to detect and evaluate possible carcinogenic effects in mice exposed to radio-frequency-radiation (RFR) from Global System for Mobile Communication (GSM) and Digital Personal Communications System (DCS) handsets as emitted by handsets operating in the center of the communication band, that is, at 902MHz (GSM) and 1747 MHz (DCS). Re...

Abstract Mobile information access and communication has become an important segment of modern life. At the same time, people wellbeing is taken into consideration for safe use technology. As per Bio-Initiative Report, existing standards are to be relooked proper healthy environment. Different countries adopting different criteria limit radiation power density within International Commission on...

This study focuses on foetal development following mild daily exposure of pregnant mice to near field electromagnetic radiation emitted by a mobile phone. The investigation was motivated by the fact that the potentially hazardous electromagnetic radiation emitted by mobile phones is currently of tremendous public interest. Physically comparable pregnant mice were exposed to radiofrequency radia...

BACKGROUND Carotid artery stenting (CAS) has recently emerged as a potential alternative to carotid endarterectomy. Cerebral embolization is the most devastating complication of CAS, and the echogenicity of carotid plaque has been indicated as one of the risk factors involved. This is the first study to analyze the role of a computer-assisted highly reproducible index of echogenicity, namely th...

BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of weak radiofrequency microwave (RF/MW) radiation emitted by mobile phones on colony growth of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. MATERIALS AND METHODS S. cerevisiae strains FF18733 (wild-type), FF1481 (rad1 mutant) and D7 (commonly used to detect reciprocal and nonreciprocal mitotic recombinations) were exposed to a 905 MHz electr...

(Extended Abstract) Later this year we shall see the release of the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP) specifications for WCDMA – the first third generation standard for mobile communications. This 3G system combines elements of both a radical departure and a timid evolution from the 2G system known as GSM. It is radically different from GSM in having a wide-band CDMA system for its ai...