Mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a protein serine/threonine kinase that was initially identified as the cellular target of rapamycin. This kinase regulates cell growth, proliferation, motility and survival, as well as the gene transcription and protein synthesis that are activated in response to hormones, growth factors and nutrients. Results from preclinical studies have indicated that ...

BACKGROUND Lung cancer is the most common cause of cancer-related death in the United States, yet traditional chemotherapy fails to provide long-term benefit for many patients. New approaches are needed to improve overall survival beyond the current standard of care. METHODS This review discusses recent clinical trials using immunotherapy techniques to treat both non-small cell lung cancer (N...

A large population of patients suffering from advanced coronary artery disease and chronic myocardial ischemia cannot be adequately managed by a combination of antianginal medication and angioplasty or coronary artery bypass surgery. Therefore, therapeutic stimulation of vascular growth in the management of chronic myocardial ischemia seems to be a useful strategy in treating such patients. A n...

Protein tyrosine kinases (PTKs) are critical in regulating cell growth and differentiation and are deeply involved in several cancers. PTK-inhibitors are mainly ATP-site directed and are finding use in the treatment of several cancers, and more than 30 such agents are now in phase I-III clinical trials. The present review focuses mainly on the development of PTK inhibitors in clinical trials, w...

Despite significant advances in medical, interventional, and surgical therapy for coronary and peripheral arterial disease, the burden of these illnesses remains high. To address this unmet need, the science of therapeutic angiogenesis has been evolving for almost two decades. Early preclinical studies and phase I clinical trials achieved promising results with growth factors administered as re...

BACKGROUND When sufficient maternal breast milk is not available, the alternative sources of enteral nutrition for preterm or low birth weight infants are donor breast milk or artificial formula milk. Feeding preterm or low birth weight infants with formula milk might increase nutrient input and growth rates. However, since feeding with formula milk may be associated with a higher incidence of ...

Two trials, involving 469 steer and heifer calves, were conducted to evaluate the practices of implanting or reimplanting suckling fall-born calves with progesterone-estradiol benzoate (PE) implants (100 mg of progesterone, 10 mg of estradiol benzoate). Calves having an average initial weight of 67 kg were randomly allocated within sex and location to remain either nonimplanted or to receive a ...

With temperatures expected to rise across the southern Rocky Mountains, ability of native fishes tolerate stream warming has become a critical concern for those tasked with preserving coldwater species. We used common garden experiments evaluate thermal tolerance cutthroat trout ( Oncorhynchus clarkii) fry from five populations important managers representing three sub-species. Critical maxima ...

Prasaplai is used in Thai traditional medicine for treatment of primary dysmenorrhea; however, clinical evidence is limited regarding the efficacy of Prasaplai for primary dysmenorrheal outcomes. This study has constituted a systematic review and meta-analysis to evaluate Prasaplai as an effective treatment for primary dysmenorrhea. Randomized controlled trials were retrieved and identified thr...