نتایج جستجو برای: gross income
تعداد نتایج: 140947 فیلتر نتایج به سال:
Abstract The national-income accounts double-count investment, which enters once when it occurs and again in present value as rental income on added capital. double counting implies that GDP national overstate sustainable consumption. An alternative measure, ‘permanent income’, equals consumption the steady state but deviates from outside of because expensing gross investment applies to long-ru...
Abstract. The dramatic growth of urbanization with the expansion of cities in terms of size and population has led to the creation of a variety of administrative structures to provide different types of administrative services and combinations. And bureaucratic and social mismatches cause corruption and unequal distribution of income and class fault. The main purpose of this study is to invest...
چکیده ندارد.
Objectives: Income poverty is one of the most common problems of old age, it varies among older adults living in different societies. The aim of this study is to investigate the predictors of income poverty of older adults based on the data of Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries. Methods: The secondary data analysis method was used in the present study. The i...
water shortage crisis is an issue that has led to drastic changes in different agricultural policies, especially in arid and semi-arid areas. uncertainty in the amount of resources, e.g. water, used for agricultural production entails risk for farmers' income and cropping pattern changes. in the present study, the robust optimization model was used for optimal allocation of arable lands of khor...
In this article we assess the effect of market imperfections and income inequality on rural production efficiency. The analysis is carried out using the notion of stochastic conditional efficiency computed in terms of free disposal hull (FDH) efficiency measurements. Free disposal hull and conditional FDH are output oriented with variable returns to scale. They are evaluated for rural productio...
This paper tries to calculate and compare the trend of costs inequality between Iran’s Fars Province and the whole country in two categories of rural and urban regions within 1981-2008. Therefore, inequality indicators, i.e. Gini coefficient and income groups share, are estimated by nonparametric method. The results of studying the income distribution trend, i.e. Gini coefficient calculated fro...
Vermann (2012) and Thies (1996)’s papers indicate that the paradox of thrift is no longer in vogue United States America (USA). This paper argues still applicable to USA even though she operating with sufficient demand. The main objective this determine whether after Great Depression. In doing this, a vector error correction model was estimated using annual data gross national income, domestic ...
The average quality of available educational resources varies significantly across Europe. This not only affects school success and failure but also subsequent labour market outcomes. The main research question in this paper is to what extent this compositional variation among early school leavers (ESLrs) in particular can account for the crossnational variation of their income disadvantage rel...
In this article we assess the effect of market imperfections and income inequality on rural production efficiency. The analysis is carried out using the notion of stochastic conditional efficiency computed in terms of free disposal hull (FDH) efficiency measurements. Free disposal hull and conditional FDH are output oriented with variable returns to scale. They are evaluated for rural productio...
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