The Machian cosmological solution satisfying φ = O(ρ/ω) for the perfect-fluid with negative pressure is discussed. When the coefficient of the equation of state γ → −1/3, the gravitational constant approaches to constant. If we assume the present mass density ρ0 ∼ ρc (critical density), the parameter ǫ (γ = (ǫ− 1)/3) has a value of order 10−3 to support the present gravitational constant. The c...

It is shown that the measurement of a change in a photon frequency in the gravitational redshift experiment is in fact an indirect measurement of a change in the photon local velocity since both frequency and velocity change in this experiment. This means that the local velocity of a photon depends upon its pre-history (whether it has been emitted at the observation point or at a point of diffe...

Why are there no fundamental scalar fields actually observed in physics today? Scalars are the simplest fields, but once we go beyond Galilean-Newtonian physics they appear only in speculations, as possible determinants of the gravitational constants in the so-called Scalar-Tensor theories in non-quantum physics, and as Higgs particles, dilatons, etc., in quantum physics. Actually, scalar field...

In 1763, surveyors Charles Mason and Jeremiah Dixon set off from Philadelphia to demarcate the border between Pennsylvania and Maryland. On the other side of the Atlantic, British scientist Henry Cavendish worried about the effect of the Allegheny Mountains on Mason’s and Dixon’s measurements, which would eventually establish the famous Mason–Dixon line. Cavendish reasoned that the gravitationa...

It is assumed that, for particles having rest mass, mass is equivalent to kinetic energy with coupling constant c 2. This paper examines the consequences for Newtonian gravity, in flat spacetime, when mass changes according to speed and gravity. It is assumed that gravitational mass is the same as inertial mass. The inertial mass increase with speed is: m = γm 0 = m 0 / 1 − β 2 (1) where m 0 is...