Human bocavirus 1 (HBoV1) was detected in a young child hospitalized for pneumonia and subsequently in his twin brother and other family members. The mother's nasopharyngeal samples intermittently showed HBoV1 DNA; the grandmother had HBoV1 reinfection. Findings in this family lead to consideration of HBoV virulence, latency, and reactivation.

Quian Quiroga et al. [Nature 435, 1102 (2005)] have recently discovered neurons that appear to have the characteristics of grandmother (GM) cells. Here we quantitatively assess the compatibility of their data with the GM-cell hypothesis. We show that, contrary to the general impression, a GM-cell representation can be information-theoretically efficient, but that it must be accompanied by cells...

Tuberculosis can occur in all age groups adults and children. (TB) children occurs aged 0-14 years most common at ages 1-14 years. In the working area of Cikupa Health Center, there are patients a daughter named An.S who was diagnosed with new case pulmonary tuberculosis has stature short based on results plotting so that need done intervention through family doctor visit. Solving problem infec...

This paper analyzes data from the household registers for two villages in the Nôbi region of central Japan in the late Edo period (1717-1869) to assess how grandparents may have affected reproductive strategizing in stem families. The particulars of the family system fostered a culturally favored set of reproductive goals, in particular, a daughter as eldest child, followed by a son (and heir),...

Dedication To my grandmother, my parents and Jia, thanks for their support and love. iii Acknowledgements This dissertation could not have been finished without many people's support and help. The person I am mostly appreciated for is my advisor: Dr. Barry Boehm. How lucky I am to be his student and work with him for almost 4 years. I cannot achieve today's goal without his consistent guidance,...

In the United States, as in most areas of the world, trachoma is a disease of the family. Infection open takes place in early life as a result of close contact between mother or grandmother and child, or between preschool siblings. No true carrier state has been demonstrated in trachoma but the frequency of minimal disease subject to periodic exacerbation is believed to be an important factor i...