BACKGROUND Male breast cancer is a rare malignancy. Despite the lack of prospectively generated data from trials in either the adjuvant or metastatic setting, patients are commonly treated with hormone therapies. Much controversy exists over the use of gonadotropin-releasing hormone analogues in metastatic male breast cancer patients. We conducted this study to provide more concrete ground on t...

Two forms of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), GnRH-I and GnRH-II, are commonly present in mammals. The main hormone controlling reproduction is GnRH-I acting through its receptor (GnRHR-I), whereas the function of GnRH-II is unknown. In primates, it has been suggested that GnRH-II is a specific agonist for the structurally distinct GnRHR-II. Here we compared effects of GnRH-I and GnRH-II ...

The KNDy neuropeptides, kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin A (Dyn), have been implicated in regulating pulsatile luteinising hormone (LH) secretion. Studies of the interactions between KNDy signalling systems, however, are currently few. Although the stimulatory effect of kisspeptin and the inhibitory effect of Dyn on the gonadotropin-releasing hormone pulse generator are widely accep...