There are various sex differences in sleep/wake behaviors mice. However, it is unclear whether there sleep homeostasis and arousal responses gonadal hormones involved these differences. Here, we examined under baseline condition, after deprivation by gentle handling, to repeated cage changes male female C57BL/6 mice that hormonally intact, gonadectomized, or gonadectomized with hormone suppleme...

Various physiological parameters including level of sex steroids undergo alterations following chronic administration of morphine. In this study, the effect of chronic administration of morphine on phasic and tonic pain was studied in morphine-dependent male and female rats in the presence and absence of gonads using formalin test. In addition, for evaluation of differences in dependency, withd...

Introduction: As sex differences have been observed repeatedly in chronic pain, it is likely that the gonadal hormones are responsible for these differences. To investigate the responsible mechanism for chronic pain different models have been created. This study is examining the effects of gonadal hormones on nociceptive responses of the rats in CCI (chronic constriction injury) and SNI (spread...

-1 . Biosynthesis of steroid hormones from radioactive progesterone, 17c~-hydroxyprogesterone, androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and testosterone by the adrenals of male and female Rhesus monkeys was studied. 2. On a comparative basis the adrenals from the female monkeys yielded a higher ratio of estrogens to androst-4-ene-3,17-dione and/or testosterone among the biosynthetic products. 3. Probably due t...

Rotational behavior induced by electrical stimulation of ascending dopamine neurons is used as a behavioral model to investigate gender and hormonal influences on extra-h)pothalamic doparmne systems. Steroid hormones influence the metabolism of many dopaminergic drugs, and therefore ihis approach avoids the complications inherent in drug-induced behavior models of dopamine activity. We found th...