Adolescence is a period during which many social behaviors emerge. One such behavior, flank marking, is a testosterone-modulated scent marking behavior that communicates dominance status between adult male Syrian hamsters. Testosterone modulates flank-marking behavior by altering neural transmission of vasopressin within a forebrain circuit. This study tested whether testicular hormones secrete...

The study of sex differences has produced major insights into the organization of animal phenotypes and the regulatory mechanisms generating phenotypic variation from similar genetic templates. Teleost fishes display the greatest diversity of sexual expression among vertebrate animals. This diversity appears to arise from diversity in the timing of sex determination and less functional interdep...

Background: Saffron (Crocus sativus L.) is traditionally used as a spice for coloring and flavoring in cooking in some countries. One of the main component of saffron is Crocin. Recent researches have shown Crocin has various pharmacological effects. The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Crocin on the Pituitary-Gonadal Axis and Kiss-1 gene expression in hypothalamus and also ovarian...

The nigrostriatal dopaminergic (NSDA) pathway degenerates in Parkinson's disease (PD), which occurs with approximately twice the incidence in men than women. Studies of the influence of systemic estrogens in females suggest sex hormones contribute to these differences. In this review we analyze the evidence revealing great complexity in the response of the healthy and injured NSDA system to hor...

Birds evolved neural circuits of various complexities in relation to their capacity to produce learned or unlearned vocalizations. These vocalizations, in particular those that function in the realm of reproduction, are frequently sexually dimorphic, both in vocal learners (songbirds, parrots, some hummingbirds) and vocal nonlearners (all other birds). In many cases, the development and/or the ...

Steroidogenic factor-1 (SF-1), a nuclear receptor transcription factor, has a pivotal role in adrenal and gonadal development in humans and mice. It was previously shown that Sf-1 dosage critically regulates adrenal size and function in mice, while in humans mutation of a single SF-1 allele leads to adrenal and/or gonadal dysgenesis. Recent studies have elucidated the role of an increased SF-1 ...

early and regular blood transfusion therapy in patients with homozygous beta-thalassemia decreases the complications of severe anemia and prolongs survival. in the long term, however, the beneficial effects of transfusions are limited by the organ damage resulting from iron overload. endocrine complications in patients with thalassemia major in developing countries may be frequent due t o subop...

A combined test of anterior pituitary function was used on 21 normal children. It shows that a comprehensive evaluation can be made of growth hormone, thyroid stimulating hormone, adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and gonadotrophin reserve. Simultaneous assessment of those peripheral glands associated with the anterior pituitary is possible by the measurement of thyroid hormones, cortisol, and gona...

To assess the relative roles of sex chromosome genes and gonadal steroid hormones in producing sex differences in progesterone receptor (PR) expression in the forebrain of neonatal mice, we used mice in which the Sry gene had been deleted from the Y-chromosome and inserted as a transgene on an autosome in both XX and XY genotypes. Levels of PR immunoreactivity (PRir) in the anteroventral perive...