Detailed field mapping of moraines in the Sagarmatha (Everest) region of the Nepal Himalayas indicates that there are four stages of glacial advance. The Lobuche stage moraines are fresh and sparsely covered with vegetation, which contact the dirty terminus of glaciers. The Thuklha stage moraines which are covered with soil and vegetation are located just outside of the Lobuche stage moraines. ...

This document aim to develop and publish the glacial lake inventory in the Bhutan Himalayas using optical instruments onboard the Advanced Land Observing Satellite (ALOS, nicknamed “Daichi”), which was launched on January 24, 2006. The Glacial Lake Outburst Flood (GLOF) is exposing to a risk for peoples living in downstream regions. The glacial lake inventory is newly developing using ALOS data...

Currently, bioavailable iron (Fe) controls CO 2 uptake in about half of the world's oceans. Furthermore, Fe fluxes to Fe-limited regions have been responsible for phytoplankton blooms and global cooling in the geologic past. The uptake process of Fe from fluxes of various speciation and solubility is not well known, but highly critical. The study of inorganic particulate Fe and its interactions...

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t Amazonian-aged fan-shaped deposits extending to the northwest of each of the Tharsis Montes in the Tharsis region on Mars have been interpreted to have originated from mass-wasting, volcanic, tectonic and/or glacial processes. We use new data from MRO, MGS, and Odyssey to characterize these deposits. Building on recent evidence for cold-based glacial activi...

Glacial-interglacial cycles affect the processes through which water and rocks are redistributed across the Earth’s surface, thereby linking the solid Earth and climate dynamics. Regional and global scale studies suggest that continental lithospheric unloading due to ice melting during the transition to interglacials leads to increased continental magmatic, volcanic, and degassing activity. Suc...

A numerical model was developed for simulating the formation of U-shaped glacial valleys by coupling a two-dimensional ice flow model with an erosion model for a transverse cross section. The erosion model assumes that the erosion rate varies quadratically with sliding speed. We compare the two-dimensional model with a simple shallow-ice approximation model and show the differences in the evolu...

Whereas fossil evidence indicates extensive treeless vegetation and diverse grazing megafauna in Europe and northern Asia during the last glacial, experiments combining vegetation models and climate models have to-date simulated widespread persistence of trees. Resolving this conflict is key to understanding both last glacial ecosystems and extinction of most of the mega-herbivores. Using a dyn...

Mitochondrial DNA sequence data were used to examine the phylogeographic history of Steller's sea lions (Eumetopias jubatus) in relation to the presence of Plio-Pleistocene insular refugia. Cytochrome b and control region sequences from 336 Steller's sea lions reveal phylogenetic lineages associated with continental refugia south of the ice sheets in North America and Eurasia. Phylogenetic anal...

Climate warming is accelerating the retreat of glaciers and recently, many 'new' glacial turbid lakes have been created. In the course of time, the loss of the hydrological connectivity to a glacier causes, however, changes in their water turbidity and turns these ecosystems into clear ones.To understand potential differences in the food-web structure between glacier-fed turbid and clear alpine...

239 Emery, K.O. and Aubrey, D.G., 1985. Glacial rebound and relative sea levels in Europe from tide-gauge records. Tectonophysics, 120: 239-255. Relative sea levels recorded by tide gauges during the past century in northern Europe are dominated by isostatic readjustment of the land following the latest deglaciation of Scandinavia and Scotland. Maximum relative uplift of the land is centered ne...