BACKGROUND Models of Foot and Mouth Disease (FMD) transmission have assumed a homogeneous landscape across which Euclidean distance is a suitable measure of the spatial dependency of transmission. This paper investigated features of the landscape and their impact on transmission during the period of predominantly local spread which followed the implementation of the national movement ban during...

The objective of this work is to apply Atomic Force Microscopy in Peak Force mode to obtain topographic characteristics (mean roughness, root-mean-square roughness, skewness and kurtosis) and mechanical characteristics (adhesion, elastic modulus) of Siloxane-Hydrogel Soft Contact Lenses (CLs) of two different materials, Lotrafilcon B of Air Optix (AO) and Asmofilcon A of PremiO (P), after use (...

This paper describes categories for landscape elements in the language of the Yindjibarndi people, a community of Indigenous Australians. Yindjibarndi terms for topographic features were obtained from dictionaries, and augmented and refined through discussions with local language experts in the Yindjibarndi community. In this paper, the Yindjibarndi terms for convex landforms and for water bodi...

This paper analyzes the relationships between northwest flow snowfall (NWFS) and various topographic and geographic (TOPO/GEOG) variables in the Southern Appalachian Mountains of the southeastern U.S. We identify NWFS events on the basis of low-level wind direction, extract values for the TOPO/GEOG variables from Digital Elevation Models (DEMs), and develop statistical relationships between NWF...

Snow courses that measure snow water equivalent (SWE) are clustered and limited in areal coverage in Idaho. This study used a cell-based geographic information system and multiple regression models to construct SWE surfaces from the snow course data by month (January to May) and by watershed. SWE was the dependent variable and location and topographic variables derived from a digital elevation ...

Central Brasil is one of the four centers of diversity of Manihot species. Of 26 wild Manihot species reported to occur in this region, 20 were collected from two limited areas, each less than 100 km in diameter. These two areas are Goiás Velho and Corumbá de Goiás. Considering the Harlan concept of geographic patterns of variation of cultivated crops, it is assumed that the two areas are micro...

Limestone karsts in southern China are characterized by high edaphic and topographic heterogeneity and host high levels of species richness and endemism. However, the evolutionary mechanisms for generating such biodiversity remain poorly understood. Here, we performed species delimitation, population genetic analyses, simulations of gene flow and analyses of floral morphological traits to infer...

Western Aphrodite Terra, Venus, is characterized by a series of parallel linear structural discontinuities 2000-4000 km in length and 100-200 km wide, which strike at high angles to the general topographic trend of the Aphrodite Terra highlands. The broad characteristics of the cross-strike discontinuities (CSDs) are similar to both strike-slip fault zones and terrestrial oceanic fracture zones...

With the exception of a few individuals, academic and government researchers in the United States started the transition from manual and photo-assisted techniques of cartography to computer-assisted cartography and geographic analysis in the 1970s. Although collaboration between government and academic cartographers started from the beginning of this transition, these two groups developed diffe...

Geographic patterns in species richness are mainly based on wide-ranging species because their larger number of distribution records has a disproportionate contribution to the species richness counts. Here we demonstrate how this effect strongly influences our understanding of what determines species richness. Using both conventional and spatial regression models, we show that for sub-Saharan A...