Cattle in Pakistan have traditionally been raised for producing bullocks except breeds such as Sahiwal and Red Sindhi which are established milch breeds. General production system is low-input extensive system with crossbreds mainly raised under intensive high input system in the cattle/buffalo colonies to sustain the demand of milk especially during summer, the slump period in buffalo milk. Al...

Abstract: Thailand is the origin of about 1300 species and 180–190 genera of orchids, comprising the major tropical orchids in the world. These wild Thai orchids grow naturally in various habitats and have unique flowers, stems, leaves, and roots. Many genera, including Vanda, Rhynchostylis, Ascocentrum, Aerides, Phalaenopsis, Doritis, Dendrobium, Bulbophyllum, Cirrhopetalum, Spathoglottis, and...

The diversity of climate, from subarctic to subtropical, and the complex geological history of Japan have produced a rich biodiversity. The flora includes several hundred species of native woody plants with edible fleshy fruits or nuts. People have eaten them from prehistoric times until about a half century ago. In Hokkaidō and the Ryūkyū Islands nut species had an important role in the diet, ...

1. At its ninth meeting, the Conference of the Parties, in paragraphs 13 (a) and (b) of decision IX/12, on access and benefit-sharing, requested the Executive Secretary to commission studies on recent developments in methods to identify genetic resources directly based on DNA sequences and to identify different possible ways of tracking and monitoring genetic resources through the use of persis...

Grass species represent a major source of food, feed, and fiber crops and potential feedstocks for biofuel production. Most of the biomass is contributed by cell walls that are distinct in composition from all other flowering plants. Identifying cell wall-related genes and their functions underpins a fundamental understanding of growth and development in these species. Toward this goal, we are ...

South Africa is considered to be a “hotspot” for biodiversity and more than 22,000 plant species occur within its boundaries. This represents 10% of the world’s species, although the land surface of South Africa is less than 1% of the earth. The country is divided into seven biomes and into 68 vegetation types (Low and Rebelo 1996). The Savanna biome covers 33% of the surface of the country, bu...

Recent generations of poultry students and poultry specialists generally seem to lack awareness of the vast genetic diversity which has accumulated in the domestic birds. This diversity has tended to become segregated within the realms of special purpose and special group such as industrial breeders and producers. There are many variants and variation in relation to species, body systems, and p...

The population size of genetic algorithms (GAs) affects the quality of the solutions and the time required to find them. While progress has been made in estimating the population sizes required to reach a desired solution quality for certain problems, in practice the sizing of populations is still usually performed by trial and error. These trials might lead to find a population that is large e...

As the knowledge about the genetic factors associated with clinical conditions increases, access to information that can help practicing clinicians better understand these factors becomes essential for optimal care and communication with patients. We describe the implementation of 'infobuttons' from the problem list module of an electronic health record (EHR) to on-line genetic resources.