let $g$ be a non-abelian group and let $z(g)$ be the center of $g$. associate with $g$ there is agraph $gamma_g$ as follows: take $gsetminus z(g)$ as vertices of$gamma_g$ and joint two distinct vertices $x$ and $y$ whenever$yxneq yx$. $gamma_g$ is called the non-commuting graph of $g$. in recent years many interesting works have been done in non-commutative graph of groups. computing the clique...

We extend previous results on the spectral distribution of discretization matrices arising from Bspline Isogeometric Analysis (IgA) approximations of a general d-dimensional second-order elliptic Partial Differential Equation (PDE) with variable coefficients. First, we provide the spectral symbol of the Galerkin B-spline IgA stiffness matrices, assuming only that the PDE coefficients belong to ...

The neuronal glutamate transporter, EAAC1 (excitatory amino acid carrier 1), undergoes rapid regulation after treatment with platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) or phorbol ester in C6 glioma cells and neurons. A large intracellular pool of EAAC1 exists, from which transporters are redistributed to the cell surface in response to these signals. Here we show that PDGF had no effect on subcellul...

Glutamate transporters regulate excitatory neurotransmission and prevent glutamate-mediated excitotoxicity in the CNS. To better study the cellular and temporal dynamics of the expression of these transporters, we generated bacterial artificial chromosome promoter Discosoma red [glutamate-aspartate transporter (GLAST)] and green fluorescent protein [glutamate transporter-1 (GLT-1)] reporter tra...

BACKGROUND GLT-1 is a glial glutamate transporter which maintains low synaptic concentrations of the excitatory neurotransmitter enabling efficient synaptic transmission. Based on the crystal structure of the bacterial homologue Glt(Ph), it has been proposed that the reentrant loop HP2, which connects transmembrane domains (TM) 7 and 8, moves to open and close access to the binding pocket from ...

Although it has long been believed that glial cells play a major role in transmitter uptake at synapses in the CNS, the relative contribution of glial and neuronal cells to reuptake of synaptically released glutamate has been unclear. Recent identification of the diverse glutamate transporter subtypes provides an opportunity to examine this issue. To monitor glutamate transporter activity, we o...

Quasiperiodic systems show a universal gap structure due to quasiperiodicity which is analogous openings at the Brillouin zone boundary in periodic systems. The integrated density of states (IDoS) below those energy gaps are characterized by few integers, known as ``gap labeling theorem'' (GLT) for quasiperiodic In this study, focusing on multilayer thin film such twisted bilayer graphene and s...

Neuronal and glial glutamate transporters limit the action of excitatory amino acids after their release during synaptic transmission. Recent structural and functional investigations have revealed much about the transport and conducting mechanisms of members of the sodium-coupled symporter family responsible for glutamate clearance in the nervous system. In this review we summarize emerging vie...