BACKGROUND Environmental variables such as moisture availability are often important in determining species prevalence and intraspecific diversity. The population genetic structure of dominant plant species in response to a cline of these variables has rarely been addressed. We evaluated the spatial genetic structure and diversity of Andropogon gerardii populations across the U.S. Great Plains ...

SARS-CoV-2, causing the COVID-19 pandemic, has claimed millions of lives worldwide. SARS-CoV-2 a high mutation rate in its genome, resulting thousands variants. The success is attributed to S gene, which encodes spike protein that interacts directly with hACE2. Mutations this gene are known increase transmission and ability escape immune system virus. This study focused on analyzing nucleotide ...

Gene diversity is sometimes estimated from samples that contain inbred or related individuals. If inbred or related individuals are included in a sample, then the standard estimator for gene diversity produces a downward bias caused by an inflation of the variance of estimated allele frequencies. We develop an unbiased estimator for gene diversity that relies on kinship coefficients for pairs o...

In Heterodontus, a phylogenetically primitive shark species, the variable (VH), diversity (DH), joining (JH) segments, and constant (CH) exons are organized in individual approximately 18-20-kb "clusters." A single large VH family with > 90% nucleic acid homology and a monotypic second gene family are identified by extensive screening of a genomic DNA library. Little variation in the nucleotide...

BACKGROUND The extraordinary diversity characterizing the antibody repertoire is generated by both evolution and lymphocyte development. Much of this diversity is due to the existence of immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region gene segment libraries, which were diversified during evolution and, in higher vertebrates, are used in generating the combinatorial diversity of antibody genes. The aim of t...

ataxia-telangiectasia (at) is an autosomal recessive disorder involving cerebellar degeneration, immunodeficiency, radiation sensitivity and cancer predisposition. the atm gene on human chromosome 11q22.3 has recently been identified as the gene responsible for ataxia-telangiectasia (at). the gene mutated in at, which has been designated as the atm gene, encodes a large protein kinase with a pi...

background: parasite lactate dehydrogenase ( p ldh) is extensively employed as malaria rapid diagnostic tests (rdts). moreover, it is a well-known drug target candidate. however, the genetic diversity of this gene might influence perfor­mance of rdt kits and its drug target candidacy. this study aimed to determine polymorphism of p ldh gene from iranian isolates of p. vivax and p. falciparum. m...

aim: the purpose of this investigation was to determine the oipa and dupa genes of helicobacter pylori isolates from west of iran; chaharmahalo bakhtiyari region and find their relationship with the severity of the gastroduodenal diseases. background: helicobacter pylori is an organism responsible for many gastroduodenal diseases. studies suggest that genetic diversity in h . pylori virulence f...

Vertebrates achieve adaptive immunity of all sorts against pathogens through the diversification of antibodies. However the mechanism of invertebrates' innate immune defense against various pathogens remains largely unknown. Our study used shrimp and white spot syndrome virus (WSSV) to show that PjCaspase, a caspase gene of shrimp that is crucial in apoptosis, possessed gene sequence diversity....

This paper covers eight Salmonella serogroups, that are defined by O antigens with related structures and gene clusters. They include the serovars that are now most frequently isolated. Serogroups A, B1, B2, C2-C3, D1, D2, D3 and E have O antigens that are distinguished by having galactose as first sugar, and not N-acetyl glucosamine or N-acetyl galactosamine as in the other 38 serogroups, and ...