A category may be understood as a group of correlated features or attributes which are perceived as associated with one another (Younger & Cohen, 1986). Gender roles are categories of social information in which certain characteristics are perceived to be more strongly associated with a particular social group (Hamilton, 1981). The category “masculine items” might be conceptualized as articles ...

Implicit (unconscious) gender stereotyping in fame judgments was tested with an adaptation of a procedure developed by L. L. Jacoby, C. M. Kelley, J. Brown, and J. Jasechko (1989). In Experiments 1-4, participants pronounced 72 names of famous and nonfamous men and women, and 24 or 48 hr later made fame judgments in response to the 72 familiar and 72 unfamiliar famous and nonfamous names. These...

We examined race, gender, and social class stereotypes in fourth, sixth, and eighth grade European American and African American children. Participants reported their perceptions of the competence of rich, poor, Black, White, female and male children in academic domains, sports, and music. Sixth and eighth graders were more likely than fourth graders to report traditional stereotypes. Low statu...

Women’s lower status relative to men can account for people’s differential attribution to women and men, of the constructs of the Extended Personal Attributes Questionnaire (EPAQ; Spence, Helmreich, & Holahan, 1979). Ratings in all three studies were made on the EPAQ scales. In Study 1a, participants rated their perceptions of the stereotypes of women and of men. In Study 1b, participants repor...

Previous studies have demonstrated that justifying the social, economic, and political systems is associated with psychological well-being, which has been termed as the palliative function of ideology. However, little research has been conducted on gender stereotypes among children, comparing by socioeconomic status. This study aimed to fill this gap in the system justification literature. We p...

This chapter examines the research on sex differences and gender identification in computer-mediated interaction (CMI), and presents a pilot study of synchronous, anonymous, one-to-one interactions, to understand the extent to which a person’s “real life” sex can be identified in CMIs as well as the stylistic and linguistic cues that “mark” someone as “male” or “female.” Although previous resea...

Singaporean elementary-school students (N 1⁄4 299) completed Child Implicit Association Tests (Child IAT) as well as explicit measures of gender identity, mathegender stereotypes, and math self-concepts. Students also completed a standardized math achievement test. Three new findings emerged. First, implicit, but not explicit, math self-concepts (math 1⁄4 me) were positively related to math ach...