This overview was developed as part of a symposium on noncancer end points of gasoline and key gasoline components. The specific components included are methyl tertiary butyl ether, ethyl tertiary butyl ether, tertiary amyl methyl ether, butadiene, benzene, xylene, toluene, methyl alcohol, and ethyl alcohol. The overview focuses on neurotoxic effects related to chronic low-level exposures. A fe...

The response of microorganisms to an accidental spillage of 55,000 gallons of leaded gasoline into an Arctic freshwater lake was studied. Shifts in microbial populations were detected after the spillage, reflecting the migration pattern of the gasoline, enrichment for hydrocarbon utilizers, and selection for leaded-gasoline-tolerant microorganisms. Ratios of gasoline-tolerant/utilizing heterotr...

PROBLEM Limited literature suggests that gasoline prices have substantial effects on reducing fatal crashes. However, the literature focuses only on fatal crashes and does not examine the effects on all traffic crashes. METHODS Mississippi traffic crash data from April 2004-December 2008 from the Mississippi Highway Patrol and regular-grade unleaded gasoline price data from the Energy Informa...

The problem of determining the optimal level of output for goods and services produced by government and determining the best means of rationing these among people is an important one. The level of aggregate economic welfare depends on both the output level chosen and the mechanism used to distribute this output. Public decisions make implicit judgments on both output and rationing devices with...

This paper presents a simple, rapid, reliable, and validated method suited for forensic examination of gasoline in biological samples. The proposed methodology has been applied to the investigation of four fatal cases due to gasoline poisoning that occurred in Spain in 2003 and 2004. Case histories and pathological and toxicological findings are described in order to illustrate the danger of ga...

Gasoline accounts for about half the U.S. consumption of petroleum products, and its price is the most visible among these products. As such, changes in gasoline prices are always under public scrutiny. Many claim to observe an asymmetric relationship between gasoline and oil prices—specifically that gasoline prices respond more quickly when oil prices are rising than when oil prices are fallin...

Whenever demand for a single item can be categorized into classes of di erent priority an inventory rationing policy should be considered In this paper we analyse a continuous review s Q model with lost sales and two demand classes A so called critical level policy is applied to ration the inventory among the two demand classes With this policy low priority demand is rejected in anticipation of...

We study auctions of a single asset among symmetric bidders with a¢ liated values. We show that the second-price auction minimizes revenue among all e¢ cient auction mechanisms in which only the winner pays, and the price only depends on the losers’bids. In particular, we show that the k-th price auction generates higher revenue than the second-price auction, for all k > 2. If rationing is allo...

We study how rationing in the public sector influences prices in the private sector. A private firm uses consumers’ cost information for cream-skimming. Only rationed consumers consider purchasing from the private firm. Rich consumers are more willing to pay for an indivisible good, such as a health treatment, than poor consumers. The public supplier decides on a rationing rule, and then the pr...

We analyze capital allocation in a conglomerate where divisional managers with uncertain abilities compete for promotion to CEO. A manager can sometimes gain by unobservably adding variance to divisional performance. Capital rationing can limit this distortion, increase productive efficiency, and allow the owner to make more accurate promotion decisions. Firms for which CEO talent is more impor...