A variety of evidence suggests that the effects of light on the mammalian circadian system are mediated by glutamatergic mechanisms and that the N-methyl- D-aspartate (NMDA) receptor plays an important role in this regulation. One of the fundamental features of circadian oscillators is that their response to environmental stimulation varies depending on the phase of the daily cycle when the sti...

This chapter will propose a new paradigm for single-trial-electroencephalogram (EEG)-based Brain-Computer Interfaces (BCIs) with motor imagery (MI) [1] tasks. Among such BCIs, the sensorimotor rhythm (SMR)-based ones, when using common spatial patterns (CSPs), require features over broad frequency bands, such as mu, beta and gamma rhythms [2]. Therefore, very high-dimensional feature vectors an...

Regional variations and substrates of high-frequency rhythmic activity induced by cholinergic stimulation were studied in hippocampal slices with 64-electrode recording arrays. (1) Carbachol triggered beta waves (17.6 +/- 5.7 Hz) in pyramidal regions of 75% of the slices. (2) The waves had phase shifts across the cell body layers and were substantially larger in the apical dendrites than in cel...

The response of a population of cortical neurons to an external stimulus depends not only on the receptive field properties of the neurons, but also the level of arousal and attention or goal-oriented cognitive biases that guide information processing. These top-down effects on cortical neurons bias the output of the neurons and affect behavioral outcomes such as stimulus detection, discriminat...

This paper presents an analysis of syllable rhythm in different types of languages, namely syllable-timed and stress-timed. Four Indian languages that are syllable-timed and American English and Scottish English, that are stress-timed are used for the study. This analysis attempts to bring the similarity or differences between the two types of languages in terms of syllable rhythm at the level ...

The neocortex generates rhythmic electrical activity over a frequency range covering many decades. Specific cognitive and motor states are associated with oscillations in discrete frequency bands within this range, but it is not known whether interactions and transitions between distinct frequencies are of functional importance. When coexpressed rhythms have frequencies that differ by a factor ...

The olfactory tubercle (OT), a trilaminar structure located in the basal forebrain of mammals, is thought to play an important role in olfaction. While evidence has accumulated regarding the contributions of the OT to odor information processing, studies exploring the role of the OT in olfaction in awake animals remain unavailable. In the present study, we begin to address this void through mul...