BACKGROUND There is increasing interest in applying image texture quantifiers to assess the intra-tumor heterogeneity observed in FDG-PET images of various cancers. Use of these quantifiers as prognostic indicators of disease outcome and/or treatment response has yielded inconsistent results. We study the general applicability of some well-established texture quantifiers to the image data uniqu...

Usually, datasets contain imprecise data (noise), which can produce unsuspected results on the considered mappings. For instance, this happen with infimum and supremum operators, since both operators are straightforwardly associated universal existencial quantifiers, respectively. An interesting possibility, of decreasing impact possible noise in final results, is consideration generalized quan...

Generalized quantifiers like "all cars" are semantically well understood, yet we know little about their neural representation. Our model of quantifier processing includes a numerosity device, operations that combine number elements and working memory. Semantic theory posits two types of quantifiers: first-order quantifiers identify a number state (e.g. "at least 3") and higher-order quantifier...

We introduce a natural class of quantifiers Th containing all monadic type quantifiers, all quantifiers for linear orders, quantifiers for isomorphism, Ramsey type quantifiers, and plenty more, showing that no sublogic of Lo~o,(Th) or countably compact regular sublogic of L~o,(Th), properly extending L,o,o, satisfies the uniform reduction property for quotients. As a consequence, none of these ...

In economic development, in addition to comparing the gross domestic product (GDP) between nations, it is critical assess quality of life gain a holistic perspective their different aspects. However, index (QOLI) subjective term that can be difficult quantify. Although this composite typically calculated using universal weights proposed by experts aggregate indicators, such as safety indexes, h...

––Software development cost estimation is important for effective project management. Many models have been introduced to predict software development cost. In this paper, a novel emotional COnstructive Cost MOdel II (COCOMO II) has been proposed for software cost estimation. In COCOMO II only the project characteristics are considered, whereas the characteristics of team members are also impor...

1 Introduction Caicedo [1] and others [3] have observed that monadic quantifiers cannot count the number of classes of an equivalence relation. This implies the existence of a binary quantifier which is not definable by monadic quantifiers. The purpose of this paper is to show that binary quantifiers cannot count the dimension of a vector space. Thus we have an example of a ternary quantifier w...

We prove that Z in definable in Q by a formula with two universal quantifiers followed by seven existential quantifiers. It follows that there is no algorithm for deciding, given an algebraic family of Q-morphisms, whether there exists one that is surjective on rational points. We also give a formula, again with universal quantifiers followed by existential quantifiers, that in any number field...

The present study examined the neural substrate of two classes of quantifiers: numerical quantifiers like "at least three" which require magnitude processing, and logical quantifiers like "some" which can be understood using a simple form of perceptual logic. We assessed these distinct classes of quantifiers with converging observations from two sources: functional imaging data from healthy adu...