Sensor networks are widely used in the large geographical area and this has to be finding the location of every transmission. The frequencies are considered the major persuasion in sensor networks. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA) and Code division multiple access techniques (CDMA) are used to share the available bandwidth, but these approaches are...

Sensor networks are widely used in the large geographical area and this has to be finding the location of every transmission. The frequencies are considered the major persuasion in sensor networks. Frequency division multiple access (FDMA), time division multiple access (TDMA) and Code division multiple access techniques (CDMA) are used to share the available bandwidth, but these approaches are...

We propose fast optical frequency-hop code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) for high bandwidth local area networks. Encoding and decoding are achieved by tunable fiber Bragg gratings. Frequency hopping offers many advantages compared to the previously proposed optical CDMA multiple access techniques. The simultaneous utilization of the time and frequency domains offers notable flexibility in ...

Long Term Evolution (LTE) is the next step towards in the arena of 3G cellular wireless services. Expected in the 2008 time frame, it is a 3GPP standard which provides an uplink transmission rate of up to 50 megabits per second (Mbps) and a downlink transmission rate of up to 100 Mbps. LTE evolved from an early 3GPP wireless standard identified as Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS...

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM) is a well-known modulation technique for transmission of large amount of digital data with high data rate in both wired and wireless communication systems. High peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR) is the main problem of OFDM system which can be improved by using single carrier frequency division multiple access (SC-FDMA) technique. The simulation...

We demonstrate the feasibility of a 16 × 3.75 Gb/s (60 Gb/s aggregate) Orthogonal frequency division multiplexing-code division multiple access passive optical network for next-generation access applications. 3.75 Gb/s PON channel transmission over 25 km single-mode fiber shows 0.1 dB dispersion and 0.9 dB crosstalk penalties. Advantages of the system include high capacity, enhanced spectral ef...

Frequency-Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) is a method of transmitting radio signals by rapidly switching a carrier among many frequency channels, using a pseudorandom sequence known to both transmitter and receiver. It is utilized as a multiple access method in the frequency-hopping code division multiple access (FH-CDMA) scheme. A frequency-hopped spread spectrum multi-access network which is s...