The study aims to estimate the impact of Turkey's FTAs on its average external trade level by three novel approaches, which are fixed effects counterfactual estimator (FEct), interactive effect (IFEct) estimator, and matrix completion (MC) method introduced Liu et al (2022). results show that while have a positive exports economies Turkey has FTAs, we do not find any significant imports average...

E conomic integration among countries has continued to deepen over the past decade. This is especially visible at the regional level, with the escalation of Regional Integration Agreements (RIAs) ranging from Free Trade Areas (FTAs) to Customs Unions (CUs). Nowadays, many developing countries have entered a new regional integration agreement with developed and developing countries. S...