In this paper, we have proposed a study on controllability and optimal harvestingof a prey predator model and mathematical non linear formation of the equation equilibriumpoint of Routh harvest stability analysis. The problem of determining the optimal harvestpolicy is solved by invoking Pontryagin0s maximum principle dynamic optimization of theharvest policy is studied by taking the combined h...

in this paper, we introduce a family of fractional-order chebyshev functions based on the classical chebyshev polynomials. we calculate and derive the operational matrix of derivative of fractional order $gamma$ in the caputo sense using the fractional-order chebyshev functions. this matrix yields to low computational cost of numerical solution of fractional order differential equations to the ...

in this paper, the sinc collocation method is proposed for solving linear and nonlinear multi-order fractional differential equations based on the new definition of fractional derivative which is recently presented by khalil, r., al horani, m., yousef, a. and sababeh, m. in a new definition of fractional derivative, j. comput. appl. math. 264 (2014), 65{70. the properties of sinc functions are ...

A prey animal can use different strategies to avoid becoming eaten by predators. One such widely recognised strategy is the use of body colouration to decrease the risk of becoming detected, i.e. cryptic colouration. The principles of crypsis that I have studied are background matching, disruptive colouration and distractive markings. Further, I also studied the concealing effect of the visual ...

Ecological theory suggests that prey size should increase with predator size, but this trend may be masked by other factors affecting prey selection, such as environmental constraints or specific prey preferences of predator species. Owls are an ideal case study for exploring how predator body size affects prey selection in the presence of other factors due to the ease of analyzing their diets ...

A prey may achieve camouflage through background matching and through disruptive coloration. Background matching is based on visual similarity between the prey and its background, whereas disruptive coloration emphasizes the use of highly contrasting pattern elements at the body outline to break up the body shape of the prey. Another factor that may influence prey detection, but has been little...

Though prey use a variety of information sources to assess predation risk, evolutionary cohistory with a predator could constrain information use, and nonnative prey might fail to recognize risk from a novel predator. Nonnative prey might instead use generalized risk assessment, relying on general alarm signals from injured conspecifics rather than cues from predators. I tested the influence of...

Understanding 'Why a prey is a prey for a given predator?' can be facilitated through trait-based approaches that identify linkages between prey and predator morphological and ecological characteristics and highlight key functions involved in prey selection. Enhanced understanding of the functional relationships between predators and their prey is now essential to go beyond the traditional taxo...

Nature is replete with predator venoms that immobilize prey by targeting ion channels. Electric eels (Electrophorus electricus) take a different tactic to accomplish the same end. Striking eels emit electricity in volleys of 1 ms, high-voltage pulses. Each pulse is capable of activating prey motor neuron efferents, and hence muscles. In a typical attack, eel discharges cause brief, immobilizing...

the aim of this work is to describe the qualitative behavior of the solution set of a givensystem of fractional differential equations and limiting behavior of the dynamical system or flow defined by the system of fractional differential equations. in order to achieve this goal, it is first necessary to develop the local theory for fractional nonlinear systems. this is done by the extension of ...