1998 CR Categories: D.1.5 [Programming Techniques] Applicative (Functional) Programming; D.2.1 [Software Engineering] Requirements/Specificationslanguages; D.2.4 [Software Engineering] Software/Program Verificationclass invariants, formal methods, programming by contract; D.3.3 [Software Engineering] Language Constructs and Featuresclasses and objects, frameworks; F.3.1 [Logics and Meanings ...

dispute resolution procedures in contract construction: from iran’s legal and imamiyeh fiqh perspectives solmaz hadi [1] morteza haji pour [2] abstract in iranian civil law, in spite of the long tradition of using alternative dispute resolution (adr) methods, and existence of rules and regulation regarding conciliation and compromise, the use of adr methods were not welcomed by the conflicting ...

Despite the e ort made to de ne methods for the design of high quality software, experience shows that failures of IT systems due to software errors remain very common and one must admit that even critical systems are not immune from that type of errors. One of the reasons for this situation is that software requirements are generally hard to elicit precisely and it is often impossible to predi...

This paper shows how to write formal OCL contracts for system operations in such way that a translation to natural language (a subset of English), understandable by a customer, can be obtained automatically. To achieve natural language text understandable by a customer we use the vocabulary of the problem domain when writing formal contracts for system operations. The benefits of our approach a...

The rapid rise of an innovative private manufacturing economy in China challenges standard economic explanations of growth, which typically assume the existence of well-defined formal institutions such as property rights and company laws safeguarding investor and creditor interests. We highlight the social structure of cooperation that enables innovative activity in private manufacturing firms ...

Can formal contracts help resolving the holdup problem? We address this important question by studying the holdup problem in repeated transactions between a seller and a buyer in which the seller can make relation-specific investments in each period. In contrast to previous findings, we demonstrate that writing a simple fixed-price contract based on product delivery is of value even when relati...

Despite the fact that contracts are, by definition, an agreement between two or more parties, most formal studies limit themselves to contracts regulating only a single party or the parties independently of each other, without looking into how permissions, obligations or prohibitions of one party affect the other. This article deals with the analysis of what different types of permissions mean ...

This paper presents a model of opportunistic behaviour in decentralized economic exchange and considers the impact of inadequate institutional framework of formal contract enforcement on economic performance. It is shown that (i) when the number of cheating traders is sufficiently large, inadequate institutions result in a loss of decentralized trading contracts, (ii) an adequate institutional ...

Despite promoting precise modelling and analysis, architecture description languages (ADLs) have not yet gained the expected momentum. Indeed, practitioners prefer using far less formal languages like UML, thus hindering formal verification of models. One of the main issues with ADLs derives from process algebras which practitioners view as having a steep learning curve. In this paper, we intro...

Based on the notion of ‘design by contract’, components interaction patterns and process patterns of component composition, formal semantics of components are proposed. With this basis and inspired by typing system and process construction methods in π -calculus, in this paper, a formal typing framework for the composition and replacement of components are proposed. Additionally, rules about co...