Serotonin is involved in a wide range of physiological and patho-physiological mechanisms. In particular, 5-HT1A receptors are proposed to mediate stress-adaptation. The aim of this research was to investigate in adolescent rats: first, the consequences of perinatal exposure to 5-metoxytryptamine (5MT), a 5-HT1/5-HT2 serotonergic agonist, on behavioural-stress reactivity in elevated plus maze, ...

Background Leonurine is an active alkaloid that is extracted from Traditional Chinese Medicine Herba leonuri. Emerging evidence indicates that leonurine produces neuroprotective effects in ischemic stroke, Parkinson's disease, and Alzheimer's disease. However, the effect of leonurine in neuropsychiatric disorders, especially in major depression, remains unknown. Methods We used the chronic mi...

The present study was aimed to investigate the role and relationship between N-methyl-D-aspartic acid (NMDA) receptor and neuropeptide Y (NPY) in depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS). CUMS-induced depression model was established in Sprague-Dawley rats. Intrahippocampal injections of NMDA, non-competitive NMDA receptor antagonist MK-801 and NPY-Y1 receptor antagonist G...

A prolonged swimming trial is the most common approach in studying steady-state changes in oxygen uptake, cardiac output and tissue oxygen extraction as a function of swimming speed in salmonids. The data generated by these sorts of studies are used here to support the idea that a maximum oxygen uptake is reached during a critical swimming speed test. Maximum oxygen uptake has a temperature opt...

Background: Swimming has many benefits on the body. Swimming engages practically all muscle groups; hence O2 utilization for the muscle is higher in swimmers. The water pressure on the thorax makes the respiration difficult. Breathing is not as free during swimming as compared to most other types of exercises. Respiratory responses to swimming may be expected to be different from the response t...

We investigated whether stress interferes with fertility during adulthood. Male Wistar rats (weighing 220 g in the beginning of the experiment) were forced to swim for 3 min in water at 32 degrees C daily for 15 days. Stress was assessed by the hot-plate test after the last stressing session. To assess fertility, control and stressed males (N = 15 per group) were mated with sexually mature norm...

objective(s): this study evaluated the effect of swimming exercise during spontaneous methamphetamine (meth) withdrawal on the anxiety, depression, obsessive-compulsive disorder (ocd) and voluntary meth consumption in meth-dependent rats.  materials and methods: male wistar rats were repeatedly administered with bi-daily doses of meth (2 mg/kg, subcutaneous) over a period of 14 days. exercised ...

objective(s): intracerebroventricular injection of orexin-a (hypocretin-1) antagonist has been shown to inhibit stress-induced analgesia. however the locations of central sites that may mediate these effects have not been totally demonstrated. this study was performed to investigate the role of rostral ventromedial medulla (rvm) orexin receptor 1 in stress-induced analgesia (sia). materials and...

Background and Objective: Electroconvulsive therapy (ECT) is the end choice treatment for patients with major depressive disorder (MDD). Regarding researches that show NMDA receptor inactivation could yield the same results as anti-depressant drugs, however, the present study examined co-administration of ECT and ketamine (as NMDA antagonist) on depressed rat behaviors.   Materials and Methods...